Universal remote including apparatus using compressed codes for video recorder control

ABSTRACT

Encoded video recorder/player timer preprogramming information listed in a television calendar allows a timer preprogramming feature on a video cassette recorder VCR to be programmed using a compressed code of as few as 1 to 8 digits, which are decoded by a decoder built into a remote control, video cassette recorder, television or other video device to convert the compressed code into channel, date, time and length information. The channel, date, time and length information is used to select channels, start recording, and stop recording at the appropriate time. A local channel map is stored so that the channel information from the compressed codes can be utilized to tune the correct channel even though channel numbers in different localities may be different. The remote may be a universal remote control capable of selecting between various stored infrared code protocols for commanding different brands and model of video devices. The remote may also be a complete universal remote control that transmits infrared codes to a variety of home electronic devices upon the user pressing buttons associated with the functions associated with the infrared codes. The programming of local channel map data, infrared codes and protocols and their association with specific buttons on the remote control can be accomplished by the remote control&#39;s keyboard or by an external device, including external devices that accomplish the programming by transmissions over telephone lines.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/000,934, filed Jan. 5,1993 now abandoned, which is a continuation in part of patentapplication Ser. No. 07/965,075 filed Oct. 22, 1992, now abandoned,which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 07/877,687 filedMay 1, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation in part of patentapplication Ser. No. 07/829,412 filed Feb. 3, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No.5,307,173, which is a continuation in part of Ser. No. 07/767,323 filedSep. 30, 1991, now abandoned, which is a continuation in part of Ser.No. 07/676,934 filed Mar. 27, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,079, whichis a continuation in part of Ser. No. 07/371,054 filed Jun. 26, 1989,now abandoned, which itself is a continuation in part of Ser. No.07/289,369, filed Dec. 23, 1988, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to video cassette recorder systems andparticularly to an apparatus and method for using encoded information toshorten the time required to perform timer preprogramming and forremotely controlling various home electronic devices and an alternateapparatus and method that itself is easily programmable.

2. Prior Art

The video cassette recorder (VCR) has a number of uses, includingplaying back of tapes filmed by a video camera, playing back ofpre-recorded tapes, and recording and playing back of broadcast andcable television programs.

To record a television program in advance of viewing it, a two-stepprocess is often used: (1) obtain the correct channel, date, time andlength (CDTL) information from a television program guide, and (2)program this CDTL information into the VCR. Depending on the model, yearand type of the VCR, the CDTL information can be programmed in variousways including: (i) pushing an appropriate sequence of keys in theconsole according to instructions contained in the user's manual, (ii)pushing an appropriate sequence of keys in a remote hand-held controlunit according to instructions contained in the user's manual (remoteprogramming), and (iii) executing a series of keystrokes in the remotehand-held control unit in response to a menu displayed on the televisionscreen (on-screen programming). Other techniques for timerpreprogramming have been suggested including: (iv) reading in certainbar-code information using a light pen (light pen programming), and (v)entering instructions through a computer or telephone modem. Thesevarious methods differ only in the physical means of specifying theinformation while the contents, being CDTL and certain power/clock/timeron-off commands are generally common although the detailed protocol canvary with different model VCRs. Methods (i) and (ii) described above canrequire up to 100 keystrokes, which has inhibited the free use of thetimer preprogramming feature of VCRs. To alleviate this, new VCR modelshave included an “On-Screen Programming” feature, which permits remoteinput of CDTL information in response to a menu displayed on thetelevision screen. Generally on screen programming of CDTL informationrequires an average of about 18 keystrokes, which is less than some ofthe prior methods but still rather substantial. Some of the othertechniques such as (iv) above, require the use of special equipment suchas a bar code reader.

In general the present state of the art suffers from a number ofdrawbacks. First, the procedure for setting the VCR to record in advancecan be quite complex and confusing and difficult to learn; in fact,because of this many VCR owners shun using the timer preprogrammingrecord feature. Second, the transcription of the CDTL information to theVCR is hardly ever error-free; in fact, many users of VCR's timerpreprogramming features express concern over the high incidence ofprogramming errors. Third, even for experienced users, the process ofentering a lengthy sequence of information on the channel, date, timeand length of desired program can become tedious. Fourth, techniquessuch as reading in bar-code information or using a computer requirespecial equipment. These drawbacks have created a serious impedance inthe use of a VCR as a recording device for television programs. Theeffect is that time shifting of programs has not become as popular as itonce was thought it would be. Accordingly, there is a need in the artfor a simpler system for effecting VCR timer preprogramming which willenable a user to take advantage of the recording feature of a VCR morefully and freely.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A principal feature of the invention is providing an improved system forthe selection and entering of channel, date, time and length (CDTL)information required for timer preprogramming of a VCR which issubstantially simpler, faster and less error-prone than presenttechniques. Another principal feature of the invention is providingtelevisions having an embedded capability for timer programming control.

In accordance with the invention, to program the timer preprogrammingfeature of a video system, there is an apparatus and method for usingencoded video recorder/player timer preprogramming information. Thepurpose is to significantly reduce the number of keystrokes required toset up the timer preprogramming feature on a VCR. In accordance withthis invention it is only necessary for the user to enter a code with 1to 7 digits or more into the VCR. This can be done either remotely orlocally at the VCR. Built into either the remote controller or the VCRis a decoding means which automatically converts the code into theproper CDTL programming information and activates the VCR to record agiven television program with the corresponding channel, date, time andlength. Generally multiple codes can be entered at one time for multipleprogram selections. The code can be printed in a television programguide in advance and selected for use with a VCR or remote controllerwith the decoding means.

Another principal object of the invention is to embed the decoding meansinto a television. The television would then at the appropriate timedistribute the proper commands to a VCR and a cable box to record thedesired program. The user would use the television remote or controls onthe television to enter the code that signifies the program to berecorded. The same television remote and controls on the televisionwould also be used to perform normal television control functions, suchas channel selection. When the codes are entered they are transmitted tothe television and the decoder in the television, which decodes thecodes into CDTL information and then the codes themselves and the CDTLinformation could be displayed “on screen” so that the user can verifythat the proper codes have been entered. Then at the appropriate timethe television would transmit the proper commands to a VCR and a cablebox, if necessary, to command the recording of the selected program.This control function can be carried out by using an infrared link byplacing infrared transmitters on the television cabinet, preferably atthe corners. The television circuitry would include the capability ofstoring or learning the infrared code protocols for the VCR and thecable box.

Another principal object of the invention is to embed the decoding meansinto various equipments associated with television, such as a videocassette recorder, cable box or satellite receiver. In any system thedecoding means would only have to be present in one of the equipments,such as the cable box, which would then at the appropriate timedistribute the proper commands to the other equipments such as a VCR anda satellite receiver to record the desired program. The user would usethe television remote or controls on the equipment with the decoder toenter the code that signifies the program to be recorded. The sametelevision remote would also be used to perform normal televisioncontrol functions, such as channel selection. When the codes are enteredthey are transmitted to the equipment with the decoder, which decodesthe codes into CDTL information. Then at the appropriate time theequipment with the decoder would transmit the proper commands to a theother equipment such as a VCR, satellite receiver and a cable box tocommand the recording of the selected program. This control function canbe carried out by using an infrared link by coupling infraredtransmitters on the equipment with the decoder. The infrared transmittercan be placed in a infrared dome on the equipment, mounted behind thefront panel, attached to a mouse coupled via a cable to the equipmentwith the decoder with the mouse placed near the receiver, or attached toa stick on miniature mouse coupled via a cable to the equipment with thedecoder with the miniature mouse attached to the device with thereceiver. The equipment with the decoder would include the capability ofstoring or learning the infrared code protocols for the other equipment,such as a VCR, satellite receiver and a cable box.

Another embodiment of the invention includes a full function universalremote control capable of controlling various home electronic devices.The functions of the buttons of the remote control and the infraredcodes needed to perform the functions are programmed remotely, such asby transmissions over telephone lines received by a microphone in theremote control.

Other objects and many of the attendant features of this invention willbe more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood byreference to the following detailed descriptions and considered inconnection with the accompanying drawings in which like referencesymbols designate like parts throughout the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic showing apparatus according to this invention withthe code decoder means embedded in the video cassette recorder;

FIG. 2 is a schematic of the VCR embedded processors for command controland code decoding;

FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a preferred embodiment according to thisinvention with the code decoder means embedded in a remote controller;

FIG. 4 is a schematic of the processor embedded in the remotecontroller;

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a universal remote controller with the codedecoder means embedded in the universal remote controller;

FIG. 6 is a flow graph of the G-code decoding technique;

FIG. 7 is a flow graph of the G-code encoding technique;

FIG. 8 is an illustration of part of a television calendar according tothis invention;

FIG. 9 is a flow chart for decoding for cable channels;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart for encoding for cable channels;

FIG. 11. is a flow graph of the G-code decoding for cable channelsincluding conversion from assigned cable channel number to local cablecarrier channel number;

FIG. 12 is a means for decoding including a stack memory;

FIG. 13 is a flow chart for program entry into stack memory;

FIG. 14 is an operation flow chart for sending programs from remotecontrol to main unit VCR;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an apparatus for using compressed codesfor recorder preprogramming according to a preferred embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 16 is a front view of the apparatus of FIG. 15 showing a forwardfacing light emitting diode;

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 15 placed in amounting stand;

FIG. 18 is a front elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 15 placedin the mounting stand as shown in FIG. 17;

FIG. 19 is a detail of the LCD display of the apparatus of FIG. 15;

FIG. 20 is a perspective view showing a manner of placing the apparatusof FIG. 15 relative to a cable box and a VCR;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing a manner of placing the mountingstand with the apparatus of FIG. 15 mounted thereon near a cable box andVCR;

FIG. 22 is a schematic showing apparatus for using compressed codes forrecorder preprogramming according to a preferred embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 23 is a detailed schematic showing a preferred embodiment ofapparatus implementing the schematic of FIG. 22;

FIG. 24 is a flow graph for program entry into the apparatus of FIG. 15;

FIG. 25 is a flow graph for review and program cancellation of programsentered into the apparatus of FIG. 15;

FIG. 26 is a flow graph for executing recorder preprogramming usingcompressed codes according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 27 is a flow graph for encoding program channel, date, time andlength information into decimal compressed codes;

FIG. 28 is a flow graph for decoding decimal compressed codes intoprogram channel, date, time and length information;

FIG. 29 is an embodiment of an assigned channel number/local channelnumber table;

FIG. 30 is a schematic of a television having a G-code decoder;

FIG. 31 is a schematic showing apparatus for a G-code decoder in atelevision having G-code decoding;

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of a system including a television having aG-code decoder, a VCR, a cable box and a satellite receiver;

FIG. 33 is a block diagram of a system including a VCR having a G-codedecoder, a television, a cable box and a satellite receiver;

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of a system including a cable box having aG-code decoder, a television, a VCR, and a satellite receiver;

FIG. 35 is a block diagram of a system including a satellite receiverhaving a G-code decoder, a television, a VCR, and a cable box;

FIG. 36 is a perspective view showing a cable box placed on top of a VCRhaving an infrared transmitter behind the front panel which communicatesto the cable box infrared receiver via reflection;

FIG. 37 is a perspective view showing a cable box placed on top of a VCRhaving an infrared transmitter inside a infrared dome on the top of theVCR which communicates to the cable box infrared receiver;

FIG. 38 is a perspective view of a VCR having an infrared transmitterinside a mouse coupled via a cable to the VCR with the mouse placed nearthe cable box infrared receiver; and

FIG. 39 is a perspective view of a VCR having an infrared transmitterinside a miniature mouse coupled via a cable to the VCR with theminiature mouse stuck onto the cable box near the infrared receiver.

FIG. 40 is a perspective view of a second apparatus for using compressedcodes for recorder preprogramming according to a preferred embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 41 is a bottom view of the apparatus of FIG. 41 showing amicrophone hole and two electrical contact holes.

FIG. 42 shows the apparatus of FIG. 40 being used in conjunction with atelephone.

FIG. 43 is a schematic showing second apparatus for using compressedcodes for recorder preprogramming according to a preferred embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 44 is an alternate schematic showing second apparatus for usingcompressed codes for recorder preprogramming according to a preferredembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 45 is a perspective view of an apparatus for programming remotecontrols with memories according to a preferred embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 46 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 45 with thehinged lid in the open position.

FIG. 47 is a rear view of the apparatus of FIG. 45 showing telephone andcomputer input/output ports.

FIG. 48 is a bottom view of the apparatus of FIG. 15 showing electricalcontact access holes.

FIG. 49 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 45 coupled to anapparatus according to FIG. 15.

FIG. 50 is a perspective view of the apparatus of FIG. 45 coupled to anapparatus according to FIG. 40.

FIG. 51 is a schematic showing apparatus for programming remote controlswith memories according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 52 is a schematic showing the electronic connection betweenapparatus for programming remote controls with memories according to apreferred embodiment of the invention and a personal computer.

FIG. 53 is a perspective view of a complete universal remote controlcapable of using compressed codes for recorder preprogramming accordingto a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 54 is a front view of the apparatus of FIG. 53.

FIG. 55 is a side view of the apparatus of FIG. 53 showing a microphoneopening and an electrical contact access hole.

FIG. 56 is a rear view of the apparatus of FIG. 53.

FIG. 57 is a back view of the apparatus of FIG. 53 showing electricalcontact access holes.

FIG. 58 is a block schematic of an embodiment of the apparatus of FIG.53.

FIG. 59 is a block schematic of an alternative embodiment of theapparatus of FIG. 53.

FIG. 60 is a flow chart of the process of remotely programming theapparatus of FIG. 53 over telephone lines.

FIG. 61 shows the apparatus of FIG. 53 in its upright position, restingon a coffee table on the apparatus' rear surface.

FIG. 62 is a cross sectional view taken along line 7—7 of FIG. 53.

FIG. 63 is a cross sectional view taken along line 8—8 of FIG. 53.

FIG. 64 is a cross sectional view taken along line 9—9 of FIG. 53.

FIG. 65 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the remotecontrol of FIG. 53.

FIG. 66 is a top view of the remote control of FIG. 65.

FIG. 67 is a side view of the remote control of FIG. 65.

FIG. 68 is a front view of the remote control of FIG. 65.

FIG. 69 is a rear view of the remote control of FIG. 65.

FIG. 70 is a bottom view of the remote control of FIG. 65.

FIG. 71 is a perspective view of a second alternative embodiment of theremote control of FIG. 53.

FIG. 72 is a top view of the remote control of FIG. 71.

FIG. 73 is a side view of the remote control of FIG. 71.

FIG. 74 is a rear view of the remote control of FIG. 71.

FIG. 75 is a front view of the remote control of FIG. 71.

FIG. 76 is a bottom view of the remote control of FIG. 71.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly, to FIG. 1, thereis shown an apparatus for using encoded video recorder/player timerpreprogramming information 10 according to this invention. The primarycomponents include a remote controller 12 and a video cassetterecorder/player with G-code decoder 14, which can be controlled byremote controller 12 via a command signal 16. The remote controller 12can have a number of keys, which include numerical keys 20, G-codeswitch 22, function keys 24, program key 26 and power key 27. There aremeans in the remote controller 12 that interprets each key as it ispressed and sends the proper command signal 16 to the VCR via aninfra-red light emitting diode 28. Except for the G-code switch 22 onthe remote controller 12 in FIG. 1, the remote controller 12 isessentially the same as any other remote controller in function. TheG-code switch 22 is provided just to allow the user to lock the remotecontroller 12 in the G-code mode while using a G-code, which is the namegiven to the compressed code which is the encoded CDTL information, toperform timer preprogramming.

A G-code consists of 1 to 7 digits, although more could be used, and isassociated with a particular program. A user would look up the G-code ina program guide and just enter the G-code on the remote controller 12,instead of the present state of the art, which requires that the userenter the actual channel, date, time and length (CDTL) commands.

In order to understand the advantages of using a G-code, it is helpfulto describe the best of the current state of the art, which is “onscreen programming” with direct numerical entry. This technique involvesabout 18 keystrokes and the user has to keep switching his view back andforth between the TV screen and the remote controller while entering theCDTL information. This situation may be akin to a user having to dial an18 digit telephone number while reading it from a phone book. The numberof keys involved and the switching back and forth of the eye tend toinduce errors. A typical keying sequence for timer recording usingon-screen CDTL programming is as follows:

PROG 2 1 15 07 30 2 08 00 2 04 PROG

The first program (PROG) key 26 enters the programming mode. Then asequence of numerical keys 20 are pushed. The 2 means it is timerrecording rather than time setting. The 1 means the user is now enteringthe settings for program 1. The 15 is the date. The 07 is starting hour.The 30 is a starting minute. The 2 means pm. The next sequence 08 00 2is the stopping time. The 04 is channel number. Finally, the PROG is hitagain to exit the program mode.

By contrast, this command could have been “coded” and entered in atypical G-code sequence as follows: PROG 1138 PROG. To distinguish thatthe command is a coded G-code, the G-code switch 22 should be turned tothe “ON” position. Instead of having a switch, a separate key “G” can beused. The G-code programming keystroke sequence would then be: G 1138PROG.

The use of a G-code does not preclude “on-screen” confirmation of theprogram information that has been entered. When the keystrokes “PROG1138 PROG” are entered with the G-code switch in the “ON” position, theG-code would be decoded and the television could display the followingmessage:

PROGRAM DATE START TIME STOP TIME CHANNEL 1138 15 7:30 PM 8:00 PM 4

In order for the G-code to be useful it must be decoded and apparatusfor that purpose must be provided. Referring to FIG. 1, a video cassetterecorder/player with G-code decoder 14 is provided to be used inconjunction with remote controller 12. The command signal 16 sent fromthe remote controller 12 is sensed by the photodiode 32 and converted toelectrical signals by command signal receiver 30. The electrical signalsare sent to a command controller 36, which interprets the commands anddetermines how to respond to the commands. As shown in FIG. 1, it isalso possible for the command controller 36 to receive commands from themanual controls 34 that are normally built into a VCR. If the commandcontroller 36 determines that a G-code was received then the G-code willbe sent to the G-code decoder 38 for decoding. The G-code decoder 38converts the G-code into CDTL information, which is used by the commandcontroller 36 to set the time/channel programming 40. Built into the VCRis a clock 42. This is normally provided in a VCR and is used to keeptrack of the date and time. The clock 42 is used primarily by thetime/channel programming 40 and the G-code decoder 38 functions. Thetime/channel programming 40 function is set up with CDTL information bythe command controller 36. When the proper date and time is read fromclock 42, then the time/channel programming 40 function turns therecord/playback 44 function “ON” to record. At the same time the tuner46 is tuned to the proper channel in the television signal 18. Later theuser can command the record/playback 44 function to a playback mode towatch the program via the television monitor 48.

An alternate way to control the recorder is to have the commandcontroller 36 keep all the CDTL information instead of sending it to thetime/channel programming 40. The command controller would also keeptrack of the time by periodically reading clock 42. The commandcontroller would then send commands to the time/channel programming 40to turn on and off the recorder and to tuner 46 to cause it to tune tothe right channel at the right time according to the CDTL information.

The clock 42 is also an input to G-code decoder 38, which allows theG-code decoding to be a function of the clock, which lends a measure ofsecurity to the decoding technique and makes it harder to copy. ofcourse this requires that the encoding technique must also be a functionof the clock.

A possible realization of the command controller 36 and the G-codedecoder 38 is shown in FIG. 2. The command controller 36 function can berealized with a microprocessor 50, a random access memory 52 and a readonly memory 54, which is used for program storage. The input/output 56function is adapted to receive commands from the command signal receiver30, the manual controls 34 and the clock 42, and to output signals to adisplay 35, the clock 42, and the time/channel programming 40 function.If the microprocessor 50 interprets that a G-code has been received,then the G-code is sent to microcontroller 60 for decoding. Themicrocontroller 60 has an embedded random access memory 62 and anembedded read only memory 64 for program and table storage. The clock 42can be read by both microprocessor 50 and microcontroller 60.

An alternative to having microcontroller 60 perform the G-code decodingis to build the G-code decoding directly into the program stored in readonly memory 54. This would eliminate the need for microcontroller 60. Ofcourse, other hardware to perform the G-code decoding can also be used.The choice of which implementation to use is primarily an economic one.

The blocks in FIGS. 1 and 2 are well known in the prior art and arepresent in the following patents: Fields, U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,412;Scholz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,003; and Brugliera, U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,601.For example, clock 42 is analogous to element 7 in Scholz and element 17in Brugliera. Other analogous elements are: command signal receiver 30and Scholz 14 and Brugliera 12; tuner 46 and Scholz 6 and Brugliera 10;time/channel programming 40 and Scholz 8, 11 and Brugliera 16; record &playback 44 and Scholz 1, 2, 4; command controller 36 and Scholz 11, 10and Brugliera 12; microprocessor 50 and Fields 27; RAM 52 and Fields 34;ROM 54 and Fields 33; manual controls 34 and Scholz 15, 16; and remotecontroller 12 and Scholz 26 and Brugliera 18.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate preferred embodiment of this invention.In FIG. 3 a remote controller with embedded G-code decoder 80 isprovided. The remote controller with embedded G-code decoder 80 is verysimilar to remote controller 12, except for the addition of the G-codedecoder 82. Note that it is also possible in any remote controller toprovide a display 84. The remote controller with embedded G-code decoder80 would be used in conjunction with a normal video cassetterecorder/player 70, which would not be required to have an embeddedG-code decoder. The numerals for the subelements of video cassetterecorder/player 70 are the same as described above for the videocassette recorder/player with G-code decoder 14 and have the samefunction, except for the absence of G-code decoder 38. This preferredembodiment has the advantage that it can be used in conjunction withVCRs that are presently being used. These do not have a G-code decodingcapability. Replacing their remote controllers with ones that have thiscapability built-in can vastly improve the capability to do timerpreprogramming for a modest cost.

FIG. 4 illustrates a possible realization of the G-code decoder 82 builtinto the remote controller with embedded G-code decoder 80. Amicrocontroller 60 can be used as before to decode the G-code, as wellas interface with the display 84, a clock 85, the keypad 88 and thelight emitting diode 28. Alternately, other hardware implementations canbe used to perform the G-code decoding. The clock 85 is provided in theremote controller 80 so that the G-code decoder 82 can be made to havethe clock 85 as one of its inputs. This allows the G-code decoding to bea function of the clock 85, which lends a measure of security to thedecoding technique and makes it harder to copy.

The remote controller with embedded G-code decoder as described abovewould send channel, date, time and length information to the videocassette recorder/player 70, which would use the CDTL information fortuning into the correct channel and starting and stopping the recordingfunction. The remote controller may have to be unique for each differentvideo cassette recorder/player, because each brand or model may havedifferent infrared pulses for each type of information sent such as thechannel number keys and start record and stop record keys. Theparticular infrared pulses used for each key type can be called thevocabulary of the particular remote controller. Each model may also havea different protocol or order of keys that need to be pushed toaccomplish a function such as timer preprogramming. The protocol ororder of keys to accomplish a function can be called sentence structure.If there is a unique remote controller built for each model type, thenthe proper vocabulary and sentence structure can be built directly intothe remote controller.

An alternate to having the remote controller with embedded G-codedecoder send channel, date, time and length information to the videocassette recorder/player 70, is to have the remote controller withembedded G-code decoder perform more operations to simplify theinterfacing problem with existing video cassette recorder/players. Inparticular, if the remote controller not only performs the G-codedecoding to CDTL, but also keeps track of time via clock 85, then it ispossible for the remote controller to send just channel, start recordand stop commands to the video cassette recorder/player. The channel,start and stop are usually basic one or two key commands, which meansthere is no complicated protocol or sentence structure involved. Thus,to communicate with a diverse set of video cassette recorder/playermodels it is only necessary to have memory within the remote controller,such as ROM 64 of FIG. 4, for storing the protocol for all the models orat least a large subset. The G-code would be entered on the remotecontroller as before and decoded into channel, date, time and lengthinformation, which would be stored in the remote controller. Via clock85, the time would be checked and when the correct time arrives theremote controller would automatically send out commands to the VCR unitfor tuning to the correct channel and for starting and stopping therecording. It is estimated that only two (2) bytes per key for about 15keys need to be stored for the vocabulary for each video cassetterecorder/player model. Thus, to cover 50 models would only require about30*50=1500 bytes of memory in the remote controller. It would benecessary to position the remote controller properly with respect to theVCR unit so that the infrared signals sent by the remote controller arereceived by the unit.

Another preferred embodiment is to provide a universal remote controller90 with an embedded G-code decoder. Universal remote controllers providethe capability to mimic a number of different remote controllers. Thisreduces the number of remote controllers that a user needs to have. Thisis accomplished by having a learn function key 94 function on theuniversal remote controller, as shown in FIG. 5. If the learn functionkey 94 is pushed in conjunction with another key, the unit will enterinto the learn mode. Incoming infra-red (IR) pulses from the remotecontroller to be learned are detected by the infra-red photodiode 96,filtered and wave-shaped into recognizable bit patterns before beingrecorded by a microcontroller into a battery-backed static RAM as theparticular IR pulse pattern for that particular key. This is done forall the individual keys.

An example of more complex learning is the following. If the learnfunction key 94 in conjunction with the program key 26 are pushed whenthe G-code switch is “ON”, the unit will recognize that it is about torecord the keying sequence of a predetermined specific example of timerpreprogramming of the particular VCR involved. The user will then enterthe keying sequence from which the universal remote controller 90 canthen deduce and record the protocol of the timer preprogrammingsequence. This is necessary because different VCRs may have differenttimer preprogramming command formats.

If keys are pushed without the learn function key 94 involved, themicrocontroller should recognize it is now in the execute mode. If thekey is one of the direct command keys, the microcontroller will readback from its static RAM the stored pulse sequence and send out commandwords through the output parallel I/O to pulse the output light emittingdiode 28. If the key is the PROG key and the G-code switch is “OFF”,then the microcontroller should recognize the following keys up to thenext PROG key as a timer preprogramming CDTL command and send it outthrough the light emitting diode 28. If the G-code switch 22 is set to“ON” and the program key 26 is pushed, the microcontroller shouldrecognize the following keys up to the next PROG key as a G-code commandfor timer preprogramming. It will decode the G-code into channel, date,start time and length (CDTL) and the microcontroller will then look upin it's static RAM “dictionary” the associated infra-red pulse patternsand concatenate them together before sending them off through the outputparallel I/O to pulse the light emitting diode 28 to send the wholemessage in one continuous stream to the VCR.

FIG. 4 illustrates a possible realization of the G-code decoder 92 thatcould be built into the universal remote controller with embedded G-codedecoder 90. A microcontroller 60 can be used as before to decode theG-code, as well as for interfacing with the input/output functionsincluding the photodiode 96. Alternately, the G-code decoding can beperformed with other hardware implementations.

The universal remote controller can also be used in another manner tosimplify the interfacing problem with existing video cassetterecorder/players. In particular, if the universal remote controllerperforms not only the G-code decoding to CDTL, but also keeps track oftime via clock 85 in FIG. 4, then it is possible for the universalremote controller to send just channel, start record and stop commandsto the video cassette recorder/player, which as explained before, areusually basic one key commands, which means there is no complicatedprotocol or sentence structure involved. Thus, to communicate with adiverse set of video cassette recorder/player models it is onlynecessary for the universal remote controller to “learn” each key of theremote controller it is replacing. The G-code would be entered on theuniversal remote controller as before and decoded into channel, date,time and length information, which would be stored in the universalremote controller. Via clock 85, the time would be checked and when thecorrect time arrives the universal remote controller would automaticallysend out commands to the VCR unit for tuning to the correct channel andfor starting and stopping the recording. It would be necessary toposition the universal remote controller properly with respect to theVCR unit so that the signals sent by the universal remote are receivedby the VCR unit.

There are a number of ways that the G-code decoding can be performed.The most obvious way is to just have a large look up table. The G-codewould be the index. Unfortunately, this would be very inefficient andresult in a very expensive decoder due to the memory involved. The totalstorage involved is a function of the number of total combinations. Ifwe allow for 128 channels, 31 days in a month, 48 on the hour and on thehalf hour start times in a twenty four hour day, and 16 lengthselections in half hour increments, then the total number ofcombinations is 128×31×48×16=3,047,424. This number of combinations canbe represented by a 7 digit number. The address to the table would bethe 7 digit number. In the worst case, this requires a look up tablethat has about 4,000,000 rows by 15 to 16 digital columns, depending onthe particular protocol. These digital columns would correspond to theCDTL information required for “on screen programming”. Each digit couldbe represented by a 4 bit binary number. Thus, the total storage numberof bits required for the look up table would be about4,000,000×16×4=256,000,000. The present state of the art has about 1million bits per chip. Thus, G-code decoding using a straightforwardtable look up would require a prohibitively expensive number of chips.

Fortunately, there are much more clever ways of performing the G-codedecoding. FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a preferred G-code decodingtechnique. To understand G-code decoding, it is easiest to first explainthe G-code encoding technique, for which FIG. 7 is the flow chart. Thenthe G-code decoding technique, which is the reverse of the G-codeencoding will be explained.

The encoding of the G-codes can be done on any computer and is doneprior to preparation of any program guide that would include G-codes.For each program that will be printed in the guide, a channel, date,time and length (CDTL) code 144 is entered in step 142. Step 146separately reads the priority for the channel, date, time and length inthe priority vector storage 122, which can be stored in read only memory64. The priority vector storage 122 contains four tables: a priorityvector C table 124, a priority vector D table 126, a priority vector Ttable 128 and a priority vector L table 130.

The channel priority table is ordered so that the most frequently usedchannels have a low priority number. An example of the data that is inpriority vector C table 124 follows.

channel 4 7 2 3 5 6 11 13 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5  6  7 . . .

Generally the dates of a month all have an equal priority, so the lownumber days in a month and the low number priorities would correspond inthe priority vector D table as in the following example.

date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . . .

The priority of the start times would be arranged so that prime timewould have a low priority number and programs in the dead of the nightwould have a high priority number. For example, the priority vector Ttable would contain:

time 6:30 pm 7:00 pm 8:00 pm 7:30 pm . . . priority 0 1 2 3 . . .

An example of the data that is in the priority vector L table 130 is thefollowing:

length of program (hours) 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 3.0 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 .. .

Suppose the channel date time length (CDTL) 144 data is 5 10 19.00 1.5,which means channel 5, 10th day of the month, 7:00 PM, and 1.5 hours inlength, then for the above example the C_(p),D_(p),T_(p),L_(p) data 148,which are the result of looking up the priorities for channel, date,time and length in priority tables 124, 126, 128 and 130 of FIG. 7,would be 4 9 1 3. Step 150 converts C_(p),D_(p),T_(p),L_(p) data tobinary numbers. The number of binary bits in each conversion isdetermined by the number of combinations involved. Seven bits for C_(p),which can be denoted as C₇ C₆ C₅ C₄ C₃ C₂ C₁, would provide for 128channels. Five bits for D_(p), which can be denoted as D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁,would provide for 31 days in a month. Six bits for T_(p), which can bedenoted as T₆ T₅ T₄ T₃ T₂ T₁, would provide for 48 start times on eachhalf hour of a twenty four hour day. Four bits for length, which can bedenoted as L₄ L₃ L₂ L₁, would provide for a program length of up to 8hours in half hour steps. Together there are 7+5+6+4=22 bits ofinformation, which correspond to 2**22=4,194,304 combinations.

The next step is to use bit hierarchy key 120, which can be stored inread only memory 64 to reorder the 22 bits. The bit hierarchy key 120can be any ordering of the 22 bits. For example, the bit hierarchy keymight be:

L₈ C₃ . . . T₂ C₂ T₁ C₁ L₁ D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁ 22 21 . . . 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21

Ideally the bit hierarchy key is ordered so that programs most likely tobe the subject of timer preprogramming would have a low value binarynumber, which would eliminate keystrokes for timer preprogramming themost popular programs. Since all the date information has equalpriority, then the D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁ bits are first. Next T₁ C₁ L₁ areused, because for whatever date it is necessary to have a time channeland length and T₁ C₁ L₁ are the most probable in each case due to theordering of the priority vectors in priority vector storage 122. Thenext bit in the hierarchy key is determined by the differentialprobabilities of the various combinations. One must know theprobabilities of all the channels, times and lengths for thiscalculation to be performed.

For example, the probability for channels may be:

channel 4 7 2 3 5 6 11 13 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . . .probability (%) 5 4.3 4 3 2.9 2.1 2 1.8 . . .

The probabilities for times might be:

time 6:30 pm 7:00 pm 8:00 pm 7:30 pm . . . priority 0 1 2 3 . . .probability (%) 8 7.8 6 5 . . .

And, the probabilities for lengths might be:

length of program (hours) 0.5 1.0 2.0 1.5 3.0 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 .. . probability (%) 50 20 15 5 4 . . .

The probabilities associated with each channel, time and length, asillustrated above, are used to determine the proper ordering. Since thepriority vector tables are already ordered by the most popular channel,time, and length, the order in which to select between the variousbinary bits for one table, for example selecting between the C₇ C₆ C₅ C₄C₃ C₂ C₁ bits, is already known. The C₁ bit would be selected firstbecause as the lowest order binary bit it would select between the firsttwo entries in the channel priority table. Then the C₂ bit would beselected and so on. Similarly, the T₁ and L₁ bits would be used beforeany of the other time and length bits. A combination of the C₁, T₁, L₁and D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁ bits should be used first, so that all theinformation is available for a channel, date, time and length. The D₅ D₄D₃ D₂ D₁ bits are all used because the date bits all have equal priorityand all are needed to specify a date even if some of the bits are binaryzero.

At this point the bit hierarchy key could be:

T₁ C₁ L₁ D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁

The first channel binary bit C₁ by itself can only select between 2¹=2channels, and the first two channels have a probability percent of 5 and4.3, respectively. So the differential probability of C₁ is 9.3.Similarly, the differential probability of T₁ is 8+7.8=15.8, and thedifferential probability of L₁ is 50+20=70. If the rules for orderingthe bit hierarchy key are strictly followed, then the first 8 bits ofthe bit hierarchy key should be ordered as:

C₁ T₁ L₁ D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁, because L₁ has the highest differentialpriority so it should be next most significant bit after D₅, followed byT₁ as the next most significant bit, and then C₁ as the next mostsignificant bit. Notice that the bit hierarchy key starts with the leastsignificant bit D₁, and then is filled in with the highest differentialprobability bits. This is for the purpose of constructing the mostcompact codes for popular programs.

The question at this point in the encoding process is what should thenext most significant bit in the hierarchy key be: T₂, C₂, or L₂ . Thisis again determined by the differential probabilities, which can becalculated from the above tables for each bit. Since we are dealing withbinary bits, the C₂ in combination with C₁ selects between 2²=4 channelsor 2 more channels over C₁ alone. The differential probability for C₂ isthen the additional probabilities of these two additional channels andfor the example this is: 4+3=7. In a similar manner C₃ in combinationwith C₁ and C₂ selects between 2³=8 channels or 4=2⁽³⁻¹⁾ more channelsover the combination of C₁ and C₂. So the differential probability of C₃is the additional probabilities of these four additional channels andfor the example this is: 2.9+2.1+2+1.8=8.8. In a similar manner, thedifferential probabilities of T₂ and L₂ can be calculated to be 6+5=11and 15+5=20, respectively. Once all the differential probabilities arecalculated, the next step is determining which combinations of bits aremore probable.

Now for the above example, which combination is more probable: T₂ withC₁ L₁, or C₂ with T₁ L₁, or L₂ with T₁ C₁. This will determine the nextbit in the key. So, which is greater: 11×9.3×70=7161; 7×15.8×70=7742; or20×15.8×9.3=2938.8? In this case the combination with the greatestprobability is 7×15.8×70=7742, which corresponds to C₂ with T₁ L₁. So,C₂ is selected as the next bit in the bit hierarchy key.

The next bit is selected in the same way. Which combination is moreprobable: C₃ with T₁ L₁, or T₂ with C₁ or C₂ and L₁, or L₂ with C₁ or C₂and T₁. For the example shown, which has the greatest probability:8.8×15.8×70=9732.8; 11×(9.3+7)×70=12551; or 20×(9.3+7)×15.8=5150.8? Inthis case the combination with the greatest probability is11×(9.3+7)×70=12551, which corresponds T₂ with C₁ or C₂ and L₁. So, T₂is selected as the next bit in the bit hierarchy key. This procedure isrepeated for all the differential probabilities until the entire key isfound.

Alternately, the bit hierarchy key can be just some arbitrary sequenceof the bits. It is also possible to make the priority vectorsinterdependent, such as making the length priority vector dependent ondifferent groups of channels. Another technique is to make the bithierarchy key 120 and the priority vector tables 122, a function ofclock 42, as shown in FIG. 7. This makes it very difficult for the keyand therefore the coding technique to be duplicated or copied.

For example it is possible to scramble the date bits in the bithierarchy key 120 as a function of the clock. Changing the order of thebits as a function of the clock would not change the effectiveness ofthe bit hierarchy key in reducing the number of binary bits for the mostpopular programs, because the date bits all are of equal priority. Thiscould be as simple as switching the D₁ and D₅ bits periodically, such asevery day or week. Thus the bit hierarchy key 120 would switch between

. . . C₁ T₁L₁ D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁ and

. . . C₁ T₁L₁ D₁ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₅.

Clearly other permutations of the bit hierarchy key as a function of theclock are possible.

The priority vector tables could also be scrambled as a function of theclock. For example, the first two channels in the priority channel tablecould just be swapped periodically. If this technique is followed, thenthe C_(p) of 148 in FIG. 7 would change as a function of the clock 42.For example,

channel 4 7 2 3 5 6 11 13 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5  6  7 . . .

would change periodically to:

channel 7 4 2 3 5 6 11 13 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5  6  7 . . .

This would be a fairly subtle security technique, because a decoder thatwas otherwise correct would only fail if those first two channels werebeing used. Other clock dependencies are also possible to providesecurity for the coding technique.

However it is derived, the bit hierarchy key 120 is determined andstored. In step 154 the binary bits of C_(p),D_(p),T_(p),L_(p) arerearranged according to the bit hierarchy key 120 to create one 22 bitbinary number. Then the resulting 22 bit binary number is converted todecimal in the convert binary number to decimal G-code step 156. Theresult is G-code 158.

If the priority vector and the bit hierarchy key are well matched to theviewing habits of the general population, then it is expected that themore popular programs would require no more than 3 or 4 digits for theG-code.

Now that the encoding technique has been explained the decodingtechnique is just reversing the coding technique. This is done accordingto the flow chart of FIG. 6. This is the preferred G-code decoding thatcan be built into G-code decoder 38 in VCR 14 or the remote controllerG-code decoders 82 and 92 in FIGS. 3 and 5.

The first step 102 is to enter G-code 104. Next the G-code 104 isconverted to a 22 bit binary number in step 106. Then the bits arereordered in step 108 according to the bit hierarchy key 120 to obtainthe reordered bits 110. Then the bits are grouped together and convertedto decimal form in step 112. As this point we obtainC_(p),D_(p),T_(p),L_(p) data 114, which are the indices to the priorityvector tables. For the above example, we would have at this step thevector 4 9 1 3. This C_(p),D_(p),T_(p),L_(p) data 114 is then used instep 116 to look up channel, date, time, and length in priority vectorstorage 122. The CDTL 118 for the example above is 5 10 19.00 1.5, whichmeans channel 5, 10th day of the month, 7:00 PM, and 1.5 hours inlength.

If the coding technique is a function of the clock then it is alsonecessary to make the decoding technique a function of the clock. It ispossible to make the bit hierarchy key 120 and the priority vectortables 122, a function of clock 42, as shown in FIG. 6. This again makesit very difficult for the key and therefore the coding technique to beduplicated or copied. It is also possible to have the decoding andencoding techniques dependent on any other predetermined orpreprogrammable algorithm.

Although the above G-code encoding and decoding technique is a preferredembodiment, it should be understood that there are many ways to performthe intent of the invention which is to reduce the number of keystrokesrequired for timer preprogramming. To accomplish this goal there aremany ways to perform the G-code encoding and decoding. There are alsomany ways to make the encoding and decoding technique more securebesides just making the encoding and decoding a function of the clock.This security can be the result of any predetermined or preprogrammedalgorithm.

It is possible in the G-code coding and decoding techniques to use mixedradix number systems instead of binary numbers. For example, supposethat there are only 35 channels, which would require 6 binary bits to berepresented; however, 6 binary bits can represent 64 channels, because2⁶=64. The result is that in a binary number system there are 29unnecessary positions. This can have the effect of possibly making aparticular G-code longer than it really needs to be. A mixed radixnumber system can avoid this result. For example, for the case of 35channels, a mixed radix number system with the factors of 7¹ and 5⁰ canrepresent 35 combinations without any empty space in the code. Theallowed numbers for the 7¹ factor are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The allowednumbers for the 5⁰ factor are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. For example,digital 0 is represented in the mixed radix number system as 00. Thedigital number 34 is represented in the mixed radix number system as 46,because 4*7¹+6*5⁰=34. The major advantage of a mixed radix number systemis in prioritizing the hierarchy key. If the first 5 channels have aboutequal priority and the next 30 are also about equal, then the mixedradix number system allows the two tiers to be accurately represented.This is not to say that a mixed radix number system is necessarilypreferable. Binary numbers are easier to represent in a computer and useof a fixed radix number system such as binary numbers allows a pyramidof prioritization to be easily represented in the hierarchy key.

Another feature that is desirable in all of the embodiments is thecapability to key in the G-code once for a program and then have theresulting CDTL information used daily or weekly. Ordinarily the CDTLinformation is discarded once it is used. In the case of daily or weeklyrecording of the same program, the CDTL information is stored and useduntil it is cancelled. The desire to repeat the program daily or weeklycan be performed by having a “WEEKLY” or “DAILY” button on the remotecontroller or built into the VCR manual controls. Another way is to useone key, such as the PROG key and push it multiple times within acertain period of time such as twice to specify daily or thrice tospecify weekly. For example, if the G-code switch is “ON” and the G-codefor the desired program is 99 then daily recording of the program can beselected by the following keystrokes:

“PROG 99 DAILY PROG”

or by:

“PROG 99 PROG PROG”.

The G-code 99 would be converted to CDTL information, which would bestored and used daily in this case. The recording would begin on thedate specified and continue daily after that using the same channel timeand length information. A slight twist is that daily recording could beautomatically suspended during the weekends, because most daily programsare different on Saturday and Sunday.

Once a daily or weekly program is set up, then it can be usedindefinitely. If it is desired to cancel a program and if there is a“CANCEL” button on the remote controller or manual control for the VCR,then one way to cancel a program (whether it is a normal CDTL, daily orweekly entry) is to key in the following:

“PROG xx CANCEL”, where xx is the G-code.

Again as before there are alternate ways of accomplishing this.

If “on screen programming” is available, then the programs that havebeen selected for timer preprogramming could be reviewed on the screen.The daily and weekly programs would have an indication of their type.Also the G-codes could be displayed along with the corresponding CDTLinformation. This would make it quite easy to review the current “menu”and either add more programs or cancel programs as desired.

A television calendar 200 according to this invention is illustrated inFIG. 8. As shown, the television calendar has multiple day of yearsections 202, multiple day sections 204, multiple time of day sections206, channel identifiers 208, and descriptive program identifiers 210,including the name of the program, arranged in a manner that is commonin television guide publications. Arranged in relation to each channelidentifier is a compressed code indication 212 or G-code containing thechannel, date, time and length information for that entry in thetelevision calendar. FIG. 8 shows how easy it is to perform timerprogramming. All one needs to do is find the program one wants to watchand enter the compressed code shown in the compressed code indication.This is in contrast to having to deal with all the channel, date, timeand length entries separately. At least the channel, date and time areexplicitly stated in the television guide. The length is usually onlyavailable by searching the guide to find the time of day section 206where a new program begins and then performing some arithmetic to findthe length of the program. Using the compressed G-code avoids all thesecomplications.

For cable television programs, there is an additional issue that needsto be addressed for the compressed G-code to be useful. In a normaltelevision guide, CDTL information is available for all the normalbroadcast channels in the form of numbers including the channel numbers,such as channel 4 or 7. However, for cable channels like HBO, ESPN etc.,only the names of the channels are provided in most television listings.The reason for this is that in some metropolitan areas, such as LosAngeles, there may be only one (1) edition of television guide, butthere may be quite a few cable carriers, each of which may assign HBO orESPN to different cable channel numbers. In order for a compressed codesuch as the G-code to be applicable to the cable channels as publishedby a wide area television guide publication, the following approach canbe used.

First, all the cable channels would be permanently assigned a uniquenumber, which would be valid across the nation. For example, we couldassign ESPN to cable channel 1, HBO as cable channel 2, SHO as cablechannel 3, etc. This assignment would be published by the televisionguide publications.

The video cassette recorder apparatus, such as the remote controller,the VCR unit or both, could then be provided with two (2) extra modes:“set” and “cable channel”. One way of providing the user interface tothese modes would be to provide two (2) extra buttons: one called SETand one called CABLE CHANNEL. The buttons could be located on the videocassette recorder unit itself or located on a remote controller, asshown in FIGS. 1, 3 and 5, where SET is element 168 and CABLE CHANNEL iselement 170. Of course, other user interfaces are possible.

Next, the television viewer would have to go through a one-time“setting” procedure of his VCR for all the cable channels that he wouldlikely watch. This “setting” procedure would relate each of the assignednumbers for each cable channel to the channel number of the local cablecarrier. For example, suppose that the local cable carrier uses channel6 for ESPN, then cable channel number 1 could be assigned to ESPN, asshown in the following table.

Cable Channel Assigned Channel Number in Name Cable Chan. No. the localcable carrier ESPN 1  6 HBO 2 24 SHO 3 23 . . . . . . . . . DIS 8 25

The user could perform the “setting” procedure by pushing the buttons onhis remote controller as follows:

SET 06 CABLE CHANNEL 1 PROGRAM SET 24 CABLE CHANNEL 2 PROGRAM SET 23CABLE CHANNEL 3 PROGRAM SET 25 CABLE CHANNEL 8 PROGRAM

The “setting” procedure would create a cable channel address table 162,which would be loaded into RAM 52 of command controller 36. For theabove example, the cable channel address table 162 would have thefollowing information.

CABLE CHANNEL ADDRESS TABLE 162 1  6 2 24 3 23 . . . 8 25

After the “setting” procedure is performed, the TV viewer can now selectcable channels for viewing by the old way: eg. pushing the key padbuttons 24 will select HBO. He can also do it the new way: eg. bypushing CABLE CHANNEL 2, which will also select HBO. The advantage ofthe new way is that the television guide will publish [C2] next to theprogram description, so the viewer will just look up the assignedchannel number identifier instead of having to remember that HBO islocal cable channel 24. When the CABLE CHANNEL button is pushed, commandcontroller 36 knows that it will look up the local cable channel numberin cable channel address table 162 to tune the VCR to the correctchannel.

For timer preprogramming and for using the compressed G-code, a way todifferentiate between broadcast and cable channels is to add an eighthchannel bit, which would be set to 0 for normal broadcast channels and 1for cable channels such as HBO. This eighth channel bit could be one ofthe low order bits such as the third bit C₃ out of the eight channelbits, so that the number of bits to specify popular channels isminimized, whether they be normal broadcast or cable channels. For anormal broadcast channel, the 7 other bits can be decoded according topriority vector C table 124. For a cable channel, the 7 other bits canbe decoded according to a separate cable channel priority vector table160, which could be stored in ROM 54 of microcontroller 36. The cablechannel priority vector table can be set ahead of time for the entirecountry or at least for an area covered by a particular wide areatelevision guide publication.

A television guide that carries the compressed code known as the G-codewill now print the cable channel information as follows:

6:30 pm

[C2] HBO xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (4679) xxxxxx(programdescription)xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

The [C2] in front of HBO reminds the viewer that he needs only to pushCABLE CHANNEL 2 to select HBO. The (4679) is the G-code indication forthis particular program.

FIG. 8 shows a section of a television guide. The cable channels allhave an assigned cable channel number 188 in front of the cable channelmnemonic. Other than that the cable channel information is arranged thesame as the broadcast channels with a compressed G-code 212 associatedwith the channel.

For timer preprogramming, the viewer need only enter the number 4679according to the unit's G-code entry procedure, eg. PROG 4679 PROG. TheG-code decoder unit will decode this G-code into “cable channel 2” andwill also signal the command controller 36 with a cable channel signal164, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, because the extra channel bit will be“1” which distinguishes that the G-code is for a cable channel; then,since the association of “cable channel 2” with channel 24 has beenestablished earlier in the “setting” procedure, the command controller,if it has received a cable channel signal, will immediately look up 2 inthe cable channel address table 162 to translate it to cable channel 24,which will be used as the recording channel at the appropriate time. Byassociating the G-code with the assigned cable channel number ratherthan the local cable channel number, the G-code for that program will bevalid in the whole local area, which may have many different cablecarriers each of which may have different local cable channel numbers.

To include the cable channel compressed G-code feature, the decoding andencoding algorithms are as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively. Theencoding should be explained first before the decoding. The primarychange in FIG. 10 from FIG. 7 is that a cable channel priority vectortable 160 has been added and is used in look up priority step 180 if acable channel is being encoded. Also if a cable channel is being encodedthen the cable channel bit is added in the correct bit position in theconvert C_(p)D_(p)T_(p)L_(p) to binary numbers step 182. This could bebit C₃, as discussed before. The bit hierarchy key could be determinedas before to compress the number of bits in the most popular programs;however, it needs to be 23 bits long to accommodate the cable channelbit. The maximum compressed G-code length could still be 7 digits,because 2²³=8,388,608.

The decoding is shown in FIG. 9 and is just the reverse of the encodingprocess. After step 108, test cable channel bit 174 is added andeffectively tests the cable channel bit to determine if it is a “1”. Ifso then the command controller 36 is signaled via cable channel signal164 of FIGS. 1 and 2 that the CDTL 118 that will be sent to it fromG-code decoder 38 is for a cable channel. Then the command controllerknows to look up the local cable carrier channel number based on theassigned cable channel number. In step 176 of FIG. 9, the priorityvector tables including the cable channel priority vector table 160 areused to look up the CDTL 118 information.

An alternate to having the command controller receive a cable channelsignal 164 is for the G-code decoder to perform all of the decodingincluding the conversion from assigned cable channel number to localcable carrier number. This would be the case for the remote controllerimplementation of FIG. 3. FIG. 11 shows the implementation of the entiredecode algorithm if this step is included. All that needs to be added isconvert assigned channel to local cable carrier channel step 166, whichperforms a look up in cable channel address table 162, if the cablechannel bit indicates that a cable channel is involved. Step 166effectively replaces step 174 in FIG. 9.

Another issue that needs addressing is the number of programs that canbe preprogrammed. Since the G-code greatly simplifies the process ofentering programs, it is likely that the user will quickly learn andwant to enter a large number of programs; however, some existing VCRscan only store up to four (4) programs, while some can store as many aseight. Thus, the user may get easily frustrated by the programminglimitations of the VCR.

One approach to this problem, is to perform the compressed G-codedecoding in the remote controller and provide enough memory there tostore a large number of programs, eg. 20 or 40. The remote controllerwould have the capability of transferring periodically several of thesestored programs at a time to the VCR main unit. To provide thiscapability, extra memory called stack memory 76 is required inside theremote unit, as shown in FIG. 12, which other than that is identical toFIG. 4. Stack memory 76 can be implemented with a random access memory,which may in fact reside in the microcontroller itself, such as RAM 62.

The stack memory 76 is where new entry, insertion & deletion of timerpreprogramming information is carried out. It is also where editingtakes place. The top memory locations of the stack, for example thefirst 4 locations, correspond exactly to the available timerpreprogramming memory in the VCR main unit. Whenever the top of thestack memory is changed, the new information will be sent over to theVCR main unit to update it.

FIG. 13 shows the sequence of events when the user enters a G-codeprogram on the keypad of the remote controller. For illustrationpurposes, suppose the VCR main unit can only handle four (4) programs.Suppose also that the stack memory capacity is 20 timer preprograms.Referring to the flow chart in FIG. 13, when the user enters a G-code instep 230, the microcontroller 60 first decodes it into the CDTLinformation in step 234 and displays it on the display unit with theadditional word “entered” also displayed. The microcontroller thenenters the decoded program into the stack memory in step 236.

If this is the first program entered, it is placed at the top locationof the stack memory. If there are already programs in the stack memory,the newly entered program will first be provisionally placed at thebottom of the stack memory. The stack memory will then be sorted intothe correct temporal order in step 240, so that the earliest program intime will appear in the top location and the last program in time willbe at the bottom. Notice that the nature of the temporally sorted stackmemory is such that if stack memory location n is altered, then all thelocations below it will be altered.

For example, suppose the stack memory has six (6) entries alreadytemporally ordered, and a new entry is entered whose temporal orderingplaces it in location 3 (1 being the top location). If this entry isplaced into location 3, information which was in location 3, 4, 5, 6will be shifted to locations 4, 5, 6, and 7. Locations 1 and 2 willremain unchanged.

The microcontroller 60, after doing the temporal ordering, checks instep 242 whether the first n entries have changed from before, where forthe current example n equals 4. In this case, since a new program hasbeen entered into location 3, what used to be in location 3 now moves tolocation 4. Since the VCR's main unit program menu of 4 entries shouldcorrespond exactly to location 1 through 4 of the stack memory, entries3 and 4 on the VCR main unit must now be revised. The microcontrollertherefore sends out the new entries 3 & 4 to the main unit, in step 244of FIG. 13. If the newly entered program, after temporal ordering, getsentered into location 5, then entries 1 through 4 have not changed frombefore and the microcontroller will not send any message to the VCR mainunit and the microcontroller will just resume monitoring the clock 85and the keyboard 88 as per step 246. It is assumed that when the userenters the G-code in step 230, the remote controller is pointed at theVCR main unit. The other steps of FIG. 13 happen so fast that thechanges are sent in step 244 while the remote controller is still beingpointed at the VCR main unit. If the user decides to delete a program instep 232, the deletion is first carried out in the stack memory. If thefirst 4 entries are affected, the microcontroller will send the revisedinformation over to the VCR main unit. If the first 4 entries are notaffected, then again the remote controller unit will not send anything.The deletion will only change the lower part of the stack (lower meaninglocation 5 to 20). This new information will be sent over to the VCRmain unit at the appropriate time.

In the meantime, the VCR main unit will be carrying out its timerprogramming function, completing its timing preprogramming entries oneby one. By the time all 4 recording entries have been completed, thestack in the remote must send some new entries over to “replenish” theVCR main unit (if the stack has more than 4 entries).

The real time clock 85 in the remote controller unit is monitored by themicrocontroller to determine when the programs in the main unit havebeen used up. Referring to the flow chart in FIG. 14, themicrocontroller periodically checks the clock and the times for theprograms at the top of the stack in step 250 (say the first 4 entries),which are identical to the VCR's main unit's menu. If on one of theperiodic checks, it is determined that the recording of the main unit'smenu is complete, then if there are more entries in the stack, which istested in step 252, the display unit will be set to a blinking mode ordisplay a blinking message in step 258 to alert the user to send moreprograms. Next time the user picks up the remote unit, the blinking willremind him that the VCR main unit's program menu has been completed andit is time to replenish the VCR main unit with program entries stored inthe remote. The user simply picks up the remote and points it towardsthe VCR main unit and presses “ENTER”. This will “pop” the top of thestack memory in step 260, i.e. pop all the entries in the stack up byfour locations. The microcontroller will then send the new “top of thestack” (i.e. top 4 entries) over to the VCR main unit in step 262. Thisprocess will repeat until the whole stack has been emptied.

Another preferred embodiment of an apparatus for using compressed codesfor recorder preprogramming is the instant programmer 300 of FIG. 15.The instant programmer 300 has number keys 302, which are numbered 0through 9, a CANCEL key 304, a REVIEW key 306, a WEEKLY key 308, a ONCEkey 310 and a DAILY (M-F) key 312, which are used to program the instantprogrammer 300. A lid normally covers other keys, which are used tosetup the instant programmer 300. When lid 314 is lifted, the followingkeys are revealed: SAVE key 316, ENTER key 318, CLOCK key 320, CH key322, ADD TIME key 324, VCR key 326, CABLE key 328, and TEST key 330.Other features of instant programmer 300 shown on FIG. 15 are: liquidcrystal display 350 and red warning light emitting diode 332. The frontelevation view FIG. 16 of instant programmer 300 shows front infrared(IR) diode 340 mounted on the front side 338. By placing instantprogrammer 300 in front of the equipment to be programmed such as videocassette recorder 370, cable box 372, and television 374, as shown inFIG. 20, the front infrared (IR) diode 340 can transmit signals tocontrol program recording. An IR transparent cover 336 covers additionalIR transmission diodes, which are explained below.

FIG. 19 shows a detail of the liquid crystal display 350. Certain text354 is at various times visible on the display and there is an entryarea 356. Time bars 352 are displayed at the bottom of the display andtheir function is described below.

A companion element to the instant programmer 300 is the mounting stand360, shown in FIG. 17, which is designed to hold instant programmer 300between left raised side 362 and right raised side 364. The instantprogrammer 300 is slid between left raised side 362 and right raisedside 364 until coming to a stop at front alignment flange 365, which isat the front of mounting stand 360 and connected across left raised side362 and right raised side 364, as shown in FIG. 18. Together elements362, 364 and 365 provide alignment for instant programmer 300 so that IRtransparent cover 336 and the IR diodes 342, 344, 346 and 348, shown inFIG. 17 are properly aligned for transmission, when the instantprogrammer is used as shown in FIG. 21. The mounting stand 360 has analignment flange 366, which has the purpose of aligning the back edge ofmounting stand 360, which is defined as the edge along which alignmentflange 366 is located, along the front side of a cable box or VCR, orsimilar unit as shown in FIG. 21. When aligned as shown in FIG. 21, themounting stand 360 aligns the instant programmer 300 so that the left IRdiode 342, down IR diode 344, two back IR diodes 346 and right IR diode348, as shown in FIG. 17, are in position to transmit signals to videocassette recorder 370 and cable box 372, as necessary. If the VCR and/orcable box functions are located within the television 374 itself, thenthe instant programmer 300 could be positioned to transmit to thetelevision 374, either in the manner of FIG. 20 or by placing themounting stand on top of the television in the manner of FIG. 21.

By using mounting stand 360, the user only need to align the mountingstand 360, and the instant programmer 300 once with the equipment to beprogrammed rather than having the user remember to keep the instantprogrammer 300 in the correct location to transmit via front infrared(IR) diode 340, as shown in FIG. 20. Current experience with variousremote controllers shows that it is difficult at best to keep a remotecontroller in a fixed location, for example, on a coffee table. Themounting stand 360 solves this problem by locating the instantprogrammer 300 with the equipment to be controlled. The left IR diode342, down IR diode 344, two back IR diodes 346 and right IR diode 348are positioned to transmit to the left, downward, backward, and to theright. The downward transmitter assumes that mounting stand 360 will beplaced on top of the unit to be programmed. The left and righttransmission allows units to the left or right to be programmed. Thebackward transmission back IR diodes 346 are provided so that signalscan bounce off walls and other objects in the room. The front IR diode340, the left IR diode 342, the right IR diode 348 and the down IR diode344 are implemented with 25 degree emitting angle diodes. Two back IRdiodes are provided for greater energy in that direction and areimplemented with 5 degree emitting angle diodes, which focus the energyand provide for greater reflection of the IR energy off of walls orobjects in the room.

Most VCR's and cable boxes can be controlled by an infrared remotecontroller; however, different VCR's and cable boxes have different IRcodes. Although there are literally hundreds of different models ofVCR's and cable boxes, there are fortunately only tens of sets of IRcodes. Each set may have a few tens of “words” that represent thedifferent keys required, e.g. “power”, “record”, “channel up”, “channeldown”, “stop”, “0”, “1”, “2” etc. For the purpose of controlling the VCRand cable box to do recording, only the following “words” are required:“0”, “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”, “5”, “6”, “8”, “9”, “power”, “record”, “stop”.The IR codes for these words for all the sets are stored in the memoryof the instant programmer 300, which is located in microcomputer 380 ofFIGS. 22 and 23. During setup of the instant programmer 300, the userinteractively inputs to the instant programmer 300 the type and model ofhis VCR and cable box. The correct set of IR codes will be recalled frommemory during the actual control process. In the case where the useronly has a VCR, the infrared (IR) codes for that particular VCR will berecalled to control the VCR. In the case where the user has a VCR and acable box, the IR codes “power”, “record”, “stop” will be recalled fromthe set that corresponds to the VCR whereas the IR codes for “0” through“9” will be recalled from the set that corresponds to the cable box. Thereason is that in this case, the cable box controls the channelswitching. Hence the channel switching signals “0” through “9” must besent to the cable box instead of the VCR.

Initially, the user performs a setup sequence. First, the user looks upthe number corresponding to the model/brand of VCR to be programmed in atable, which lists the VCR brand name and a two digit code. Then withthe VCR tuned to Channel 3 or Channel 4, whichever is normally used, theuser turns the VCR “OFF”. Then the user presses the VCR key 326. Whenthe display shows VCR, the user presses the two-digit code looked up inthe VCR model/brand table (for example 01 for RCA). The user points theinstant programmer 300 at the VCR and then presses ENTER key 318. Thered warning light emitting diode 332 will flash while it is sending atest signal to the VCR. If the VCR turned “ON” and changed to Channel09, the user presses the SAVE key 316 and proceeds to the set clockstep. If the VCR did not turn “ON” or turned “ON” but did not change toChannel 09 the user presses ENTER key 318 again and waits until redwarning light emitting diode 332 stops flashing. The instant programmer300 sends the next possible VCR code, while the red warning lightemitting diode 332 is flashing. If the VCR turns “ON” and changed toChannel 09 the user presses SAVE key 316, otherwise the user pressesENTER key 318 again until the VCR code is found that works for the VCR.The display shows “END” if all possible VCR codes for that brand aretried. If so, the user presses VCR key 326 code 00 and then ENTER key318 to try all possible codes, for all brands, one at a time.

Once the proper VCR code has been found and saved, the next setup stepis to set the clock on instant programmer 300. First, the user pressesthe CLOCK key 320. When the display shows: “YR:”, the user presses theyear (for example 90), then presses ENTER key 318. Then the displayshows “MO:”, and the user presses the month (for example 07 is July),and then presses ENTER key 318. This is repeated for “DA:” date (forexample 01 for the 1st), “Hr:” hour (for example 02 for 2 o'clock),“Mn:” minute (for example 05 for 5 minutes), and “AM/PM:” 1 for AM or 2for PM. After this sequence, the display will show “SAVE” for a fewseconds and then the display will show the current time and date thathave been entered. It is no longer necessary for the user to set theclock on his/her VCR.

Next, if the instant programmer 300 is also to be used as a cable boxcontroller, then the setup steps are as follows. First, the numbercorresponding to the model/brand of cable box (converter) to becontrolled is looked up in a cable box model brand table, that listscable box brands and corresponding two digit codes. The VCR is tuned toChannel 03 or 04 and turned “OFF”. Then the cable box is tuned toChannel 02 or 03, whichever is normal, and left “ON”. Then the CABLE key328 is pressed. When the display shows: “CA B-:” the user enters the twodigit code looked up in cable box model brand table, points the instantprogrammer 300 at the cable box (converter) and presses ENTER key 318.The red warning light emitting diode 332 will flash while it is sendinga test signal to the cable box. If the cable box changed to Channel 09:then the user presses SAVE key 316; however, if the cable box did notchange to Channel 09 the user presses ENTER key 318 again and waitsuntil red warning light emitting diode 332 stops flashing, while thenext possible code is sent. This is repeated until the cable box changesto Channel 09 and when it does the user presses SAVE key 316. If thedisplay shows “END” then the user has tried all possible cable box codesfor that brand. If so, the user presses cable code 00 and then ENTER key318 to try all possible brand's codes, one at a time.

For some people (probably because they have cable or satellite), thechannels listed in their television guide or calendar are different fromthe channels on their television or cable. If they are different, theuser proceeds as follows. First, the user presses the CH key 322. Thedisplay will look like this: “Guide CH TV CH”. Then the user presses thechannel printed in the television guide or calendar (for example, press02 for channel 2), and then the user presses the channel number that theprinted channel is received on through his/her local cable company. Thenthe user presses ENTER key 318. This is repeated for each channellisting that is on a different channel than the printed channel. Whenthis procedure is finished the user presses SAVE key 316.

Typically the television guide or calendar in the area will have a chartindicating the channel number that has been assigned to each Cable andbroadcast channel, for example: HBO, CNN, ABC, CBS, NBC, etc. This chartwould correspond, for example, to the left two columns of FIG. 29. Forexample, suppose the television guide or calendar has assigned channel14 to HBO but the user's cable company delivers HBO on channel 18. Sincethe channel numbers are different, the user needs to use the CH key 322.The user will press the CH button (the two blank spaces under thedisplay “Guide CH” will flash). The user then presses 14. (now the twoblank spaces under the display “TV CH” will flash). The user thenpresses 18 and then ENTER key 318. This is repeated for each channelthat is different. When finished, the user presses SAVE key 316.

After the channel settings have been saved, the user may review thesettings by pressing CH key 322 and then REVIEW key 306. By repeatedpressing of the REVIEW key 306 each of the set channels will scroll ontothe display, one at a time.

Then the user can test to make sure that the location of the instantprogrammer 300 is a good one. First, the user makes sure that the VCR isturned “OFF” but plugged in and makes sure that the cable box (if thereis one) is left “ON”. Then the user can press the TEST key 330. If thereis only a VCR, then if the VCR turned “ON”, changed to channel 09 andstarted recording, and then turned “OFF”, then the VCR controller islocated in a good place.

If there is also a cable box, then if the VCR turned “ON”, the cable boxturned to channel 09 and the VCR started recording, and then the VCRstopped and turned “OFF”, then the instant programmer 300 is located ina good place.

To operate the instant programmer 300, the VCR should be left OFF andthe cable box ON. The user looks up in the television guide thecompressed code for the program, which he/she wishes to record. Thecompressed code 212 is listed in the television guide, as shown in FIG.8. The television guide/calendar that would be used with this embodimentwould have the same elements as shown on FIG. 8 except that element 188of FIG. 8 is not required. The compressed code 212 for the programselected by the user is entered into the instant programmer 300 by usingthe number keys 302 and then the user selects how often to record theprogram. The user presses the ONCE key 310 to record the program once atthe scheduled time, or the user presses the WEEKLY key 308 to record theprogram every week at the same scheduled time until cancelled or theuser presses the DAILY (M-F) key 312 to record the program each dayMonday through Friday at the same scheduled time until cancelled. Thisis most useful for programs such as soapbox operas that air daily, butnot on the weekend. To confirm the entry, the instant programmer 300will immediately decode the compressed code and display the date,channel and start time of the program entered by the user. The length ofthe entered program is also displayed by time bars 352 that run acrossthe bottom of the display. Each bar represents one hour (or less) ofprogram.

Then the user just needs to leave the instant programmer 300 near theVCR and cable box so that commands can be transmitted, and at the righttime, the instant programmer 300 will turn “ON” the VCR, change to thecorrect channel and record the program and then turn the VCR “OFF”. Theuser must just make sure to insert a blank tape.

The REVIEW key 306 allows the user to step through the entered programs.These are displayed in chronological order, by date and time. Each timethe REVIEW key 306 is pressed, the next program is displayed, until“END” is displayed, when all the entered programs have been displayed.If the REVIEW key 306 is pressed again the display will return to thecurrent date and time.

If the user wishes to cancel a program, then the user presses REVIEW key306 until the program to cancel is displayed, then the user pressesCANCEL key 304. The display will say “CANCELLED”. Also, any time theuser presses a wrong number, pressing the CANCEL key 304 will allow theuser to start over.

Certain television programs, such as live sports, may run over thescheduled time slot. To ensure that the entire program is recorded, theuser may press the ADD TIME key 324 to increase the recording length,even while the program is being recorded. The user presses the REVIEWkey 306 to display the program, then presses ADD TIME key 324. Each timeADD TIME key 324 is pressed, 15 minutes is added to the recordinglength.

When the current time and date is displayed, the amount of blank tapeneeded for the next 24 hours is also displayed by the time bars 352 thatrun across the bottom of the display. Each bar represents one hour (orless) of tape. The user should check this before leaving the VCRunattended to ensure that there is enough blank tape.

Each time a program code is entered, the instant programmer 300automatically checks through all the entries to ensure that there is nooverlap in time between the program entries. If the user attempts toenter a program that overlaps in time with a program previously entered,then the message “CLASH” appears. Then, as summarized by step 432 ofFIG. 24, the user has the following options: 1) if the user wishes toleave the program previously entered and forget about the new one, theuser does nothing and after a short time delay, the display will returnto show the current time and date; 2) if the user wishes the programwhich starts first to be recorded to its end, and then to record theremainder of the second program, then the user presses ONCE key 310,DAILY (M-F) key 312, or WEEKLY key 308 again (whichever one the userpushed to enter the code). If the programs have the same starting time,then the program most recently entered will be recorded first. If onbeing notified of the “CLASH”, the user decides the new program is moreimportant than the previously entered program, then the user can cancelthe previously entered program and then re-enter the new one.

In some locations, such as in some parts of Colorado, the cable systemairs some channels three (3) hours later/earlier than the times listedin the local television guide. This is due to time differences dependingon whether the channel is received on a east or west satellite feed. Forthe user to record the program 3 hours later than the time listed in thetelevision guide the procedure is as follows. First the user enters thecode for the program and then presses SAVE key 316 (for +) and thenpresses ONCE key 310, DAILY (M-F) key 312, or WEEKLY key 308, asdesired. For the user to record the program 3 hours earlier than thetime listed in the television guide the procedure is as follows. Firstthe user enters the code for the program and then presses ENTER key 318(for −) and then presses ONCE key 310, DAILY (M-F) key 312, or WEEKLYkey 308, as desired. The instant programmer 300 will display the timethat the program will be recorded, not the time shown in the televisionguide.

There are certain display messages to make the instant programmer 300more user friendly. The display “LO BATT” indicates that the batteriesneed replacement. “Err: ENTRY” indicates an invalid entry during set up.“Err: CODE” indicates that the program code number entered is not avalid number. If this is displayed the user should check the televisionguide and reenter the number. “Err: DATE” indicates the user may have:tried to select a daily recording (Monday to Friday) for a Saturday orSunday program; tried to select weekly or daily recording for a showmore than 7 days ahead, because the instant programmer 300 only allowsthe weekly or daily recording option to be used for the current weeks'programs (±7 days); or tried to enter a program that has already ended.“FULL” indicates that the stack storage of the programs to be recorded,which is implemented in random access memory (RAM) inside the instantprogrammer 300 has been filled. The user could then cancel one or moreprograms before entering new programs. “EMPTY” indicates there are noprograms entered to be recorded. The number of programs to be recordedthat can be stored in the instant programmer 300 varies depending on thedensity of RAM available and can vary from 10 to more.

FIG. 22 is a schematic of the circuitry needed to implement the instantprogrammer 300. The circuity consists of microcomputer 380, oscillator382, liquid crystal display 384, key pad 386, five way IR transmitters390 and red warning light emitting diode 332. The microcomputer 380consists of a CPU, ROM, RAM, I/O ports, timers, counters and clock. TheROM is used for program storage and the RAM is used among other purposesfor stack storage of the programs to be recorded. The liquid crystaldisplay 384 is display 350 of FIGS. 15 and 19. The key pad 386implements all the previously discussed keys. The five way IRtransmitters 390 consists of front infrared (IR) diode 340, left IRdiode 342, down IR diode 344, two back IR diodes 346 and right IR diode348. FIG. 23 shows the detailed schematic of the instant programmer 300circuitry and previously identified elements are identified by the samenumbers. The microcomputer can be implemented with a NEC μPD7530x part,which can interface directly with the display, the keypad, the lightemitting diodes and the oscillator. The 25 degree IR diodes can beimplemented with NEC 313AC parts and the 5 degree IR diodes can beimplement with Litton 2871C IR diodes.

The flow charts for the program that is stored in the read only memory(ROM) of the microcomputer 380 that executes program entry, review andprogram cancellation, and record execution are illustrated in FIGS. 24,25, and 26, respectively. The FIG. 24 for program entry, which processwas described above, consists of the following steps: display currentdate, time and time bars step 402, which is the quiescent state ofinstant programmer 300; scan keyboard to determine if numeric decimalcompressed code entered step 404; display code as it is entered step406; user checks if correct code entered step 408 and user pressesCANCEL key 304 step 428; user advances or retards start time by threehours by pressing SAVE key 316 or ENTER key 318 step 410; user pressesONCE key 310, WEEKLY key 308 or DAILY key 312 key step 412;microcomputer decodes compressed code into CDTL step 414; test ifconflict with stored programs step 416, if so, display “CLASH” messagestep 420, user presses ONCE key 310, WEEKLY key 308 or DAILY key 312step 422, then accommodate conflicting entries step 432, as describedabove in the discussion of the “CLASH” options, and entry not saved step424; set display as date, channel, start time and duration (time bars)for ONCE, or DA, channel, start time and duration for DAILY, or day ofweek, channel, start time and duration for WEEKLY step 418; user pressesADD TIME key 324, which adds 15 minutes to record time step 426; userchecks display step 430; enter program on stack in chronological orderstep 434 wherein the stack is a portion of the RAM of microcontroller380; and calculate length of tape required and update time bars step436.

The FIG. 25 flowchart for review and cancellation, which process wasdescribed above, consists of the following steps: display current date,time and time bars step 402; REVIEW key 306 pressed step 442; test ifstack empty step 444, display “EMPTY” step 446, and return to currentdate and time display step 448; display top stack entry step 450; userpresses ADD TIME key 324 step 452 and update time bars step 460; userpresses REVIEW key 306 step 454 and scroll stack up one entry step 462;user presses CANCEL key 304 step 456 and display “CANCELLED” and cancelprogram step 464; and user does nothing step 458 and wait 30 secondsstep 466, wherein the 30 second timeout can be implemented in the timersof microcomputer 380.

The FIG. 26 flowchart for record execution, which is the process ofautomatically recording a program and which was described above,consists of the following steps: compare start time of top program instack memory with current time step 472; test if three minutes beforestart time of program step 474; start red warning LED 332 blinking for30 seconds step 476; display channel, start time and blinking “START”message step 478, is correct start time reached step 480 and send powerON signal to VCR and display “REC” message step 482; test if a cable boxis input to VCR step 484, send channel switching signals to VCR step 486and send channel switching signals to cable box step 488; send recordsignals to VCR step 490; compare stop time with current time step 492,test if stop time reached step 494 and display “END” message step 496;send stop signals to VCR step 498; send power OFF signal to VCR step500; and pop program stack step 502.

FIG. 27 is a flowchart of the method for encoding channel, date, timeand length (CDTL) into decimal compressed code 510. This process is done“off-line” and can be implemented on a general purpose computer and isdone to obtain the compressed codes 212 that are included in the programguide or calendar of FIG. 8. The first step in the encoding method isthe enter channel, date, time and length (CDTL) step 512 wherein for aparticular program the channel, date, start time and length CDTL 514 ofthe program are entered. The next step is the look up assigned channelnumber step 516, which substitutes an assigned channel number 522 foreach channel 518. Often, for example for network broadcast channels,such as channel 2, the assigned channel number is the same; however, fora cable channel such as HBO a channel number is assigned and is lookedup in a cable assigned channel table 520, which would essentially be thesame as the first two columns of the table of FIG. 29. Next, the look uppriority of channel, date and time/length in priority vector tables step524 performs a look up in priority vector channel (C) table 526,priority vector date (D) table 528 and priority vector time/length (TL)table 530 using the indices of channel, date and time/length,respectively, to produce the vector C_(p), D_(p), TL_(p) 532. The use ofa combined time/length (TL) table to set priorities recognizes thatthere is a direct relationship between these combinations and thepopularity of a program. For example, at 6:30 PM, a short program ismore likely to be popular than a 2 hour program, because it may be thedinner hour.

The channel priority table is ordered so that the most frequently usedchannels have a low priority number. An example of the data that is inthe priority vector C table 526 follows.

channel 4 7 2 3 5 6 11 13 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5  6  7 . . .

Generally the dates of a month all have an equal priority or equalusage, so the low number days in a month and the low number prioritieswould correspond in the priority vector D table 528 as in the followingexample.

date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 . . . priority 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . . .

The priority of the start times and length of the programs could bearranged in a matrix that would assign a priority to each combination ofstart times and program lengths so that more popular combinations ofstart time and length would have a low priority number and less popularcombinations would have a high priority number. For example, a partialpriority vector T/L table 530 might appear as follows.

Priority TL Table TIME Length (hrs) 6:30 pm 7:00 pm 7:30 pm 8:00 pm . .. .5 8 4 7 10 1.0 12 15 13 18 1.5 20 19 17 30

Suppose the channel, date, time and length (CDTL) 514 data is channel 5,Feb. 10, 1990, 7:00 PM and 1.5 hours in length, then theC_(p),D_(p),TL_(p) data 532 for the above example would be 4 9 19. Thenext step is the convert C_(p), D_(p), TL_(p) to binary numbers andconcatenate them into one binary number step 534, resulting in the dataword . . . TL₂TL₁ . . . C₂C₁ . . . D₂D₁ 536. For the example givenabove, converting the . . . TL₂TL₁ . . . C₂C₁ . . . D₂D₁ 536 word tobinary would yield the three binary numbers: . . . 0010011, . . . 0100,. . . 01001. The number of binary bits to use in each conversion isdetermined by the number of combinations involved. This could varydepending on the implementation; however one preferred embodiment woulduse eight bits for C_(p), denoted as C₈ C₇ C₆ C₅ C₄ C₃ C₂ C₁, whichwould provide for 256 channels, five bits for D_(p), which can bedenoted as D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁, would provide for 31 days in a month, andfourteen bits for TL_(p), denoted as TL₁₄ . . . TL₃ TL₂ TL₁, which wouldprovide for start times spaced every 5 minutes over 24 hours and programlengths in increments of 5 minute lengths for programs up to 3 hours inlength and program length in increments of 15 minute lengths forprograms from 3 to 8 hours in length. This requires about288*(36+20)=16,128 combinations, which are provided by the 2**14=16,384binary combinations. Altogether there are 8+5+14=27 bits of informationTL₁₄ . . . TL₂TL₁C₈ . . . C₂C₁D₅ . . . D₂D₁. For the above examplepadding each number with zeros and then concatenating them would yieldthe 27 bit binary number: 000000000100110000010001001.

The next step is to use bit hierarchy key 540, which can be stored inread only memory 64 to perform the reorder bits of binary numberaccording to bit hierarchy key step 538. As described previously, a bithierarchy key 540 can be any ordering of the . . . TL₂TL₁ . . . C₂C₁ . .. D₂D₁ 536 bits and in general will be selected so that programs mostlikely to be the subject of timer preprogramming would have a low valuecompressed code 212, which would minimize keystrokes. The ordering ofthe bit hierarchy key can be determined by the differentialprobabilities of the various bit combinations as previously discussed.The details of deriving a bit hierarchy key 540 were described relativeto bit hierarchy key 120 and the same method can be used for bithierarchy key 540. For example, the bit hierarchy key might be:

TL₈ C₃ . . . TL₁₀ C₂ TL₁ C₁ L₁ D₅ D₄ D₃ D₂ D₁ 27 26 . . . 10 9 8 7 6 5 43 2 1

The next step is the combine groups of bits and convert each group intodecimal numbers and concatenate into one decimal number step 542. Forexample, after reordering according to the bit hierarchy key, the codemay be 000000001010010000010001001, which could be grouped as00000000101001000,0010001001. If these groups of binary bits areconverted to decimal as 328,137 and concatenated into one decimalnumber, then the resulting decimal number is 328137. The last encodingstep is the permute decimal number step 546, which permutes the decimalnumber according to permutation function 544 that is dependent on thedate 548 and in particular the month and year and provides a securityfeature for the codes. After the permute decimal number step 546, thedecimal compressed code G₈ . . . G₂G₁ ₁ 550 may, for example, be 238731.These encoded codes are then included in a program guide or calendar asin the compressed code indication 212 of FIG. 8.

FIG. 28 is a flowchart of the method for decoding a decimal compressedcode into channel, date, time and length 560, which is step 414 of FIG.24. Once the decimal compressed code G₈ . . . G₂G₁ 564 is entered instep 562, it is necessary to invert the permutation function of steps544 and 546 of FIG. 27. The first step is the extract day code step 566,which extracts the day code for the program in the decimal compressedcode and passes the day code to step 568, which also receives thecurrent day 574 from the clock 576, which is implemented bymicrocomputer 380 in FIGS. 22 and 23. The clock 576 also sends thecurrent month and year to the permutation function 570, which isdependent on the month and year. Then step 568 performs the function: ifday code is same or greater than current day from clock, then usepermutation function for month/year on clock, otherwise use permutationfunction for next month after the month on the clock and use next yearif the month on the clock is December. In other words, since there isprovision for preprogramming recording for one month or 31 days ahead,if the day for the program is equal to or greater than the current dayof the month, then it refers to a day in the present month; otherwise,if the day for the program is less than the current day of the month, itmust refer to a program in the next month. The extract day code step566, which must be performed before the invert permutation of decimalcompressed code step 580, is accomplished by a prior knowledge of howthe permute decimal number step 546 of FIG. 27 is performed relative tothe day code information.

The selected permutation method 578 is used in the invert permutation ofdecimal compressed code step 580. For the example given above, theoutput of step 580 would be: 328137. The next step is the convert groupsof decimal numbers into groups of binary numbers and concatenate binarygroups into one binary number step 584, which is the inverse of step 542of FIG. 27 and for the above example would result in the binary code:000000001010010000010001001. Then the bit hierarchy key 588 is used inthe reorder bits of binary number according to bit hierarchy key step586, which inverts step 538 of FIG. 27 to obtain000000000100110000010001001 for the above example, which is . . . TL₂TL₁. . . C₂C₁ . . . D₂D₁ 582 corresponding to 536 of FIG. 27. The next stepis to group bits to form three binary numbers TL_(b), C_(b), D_(b) andconvert to decimal numbers step 590 resulting in C_(p), D_(p), TL_(p)592, which for the example above would be: 4, 9, 19, and which arepriority vectors for channel, day and time/length, which in turn areused to look up channel, day, time and length 604 in priority vectorchannel (C) table 598, priority vector date (D) table 600, and priorityvector time/length (TL) table 602, respectively.

The look up local channel number step 606 looks up the local channel 612given the assigned channel number 608, in the assigned/local channeltable 610, which is setup by the user via the CH key 322, as explainedabove. An example of the assigned/local channel table 610 is the righttwo columns of the assigned/local channel table 620 of FIG. 29. Thecorrespondence between the assigned channel numbers, such as 624 and628, and the local channel numbers, such as 626 and 630 is establishedduring setup by the user. For the example, FIG. 29 shows an exactcorrespondence between the assigned channel number 5 and the localchannel number 5. The last step is the append month and year to day toform date step 614. The correct month and year are obtained from step568 and are again dependent on whether the day code is equal to orgreater than the day from the clock or less than the day from the clock.If the day code is equal to or greater than the day from the clock, themonth and year as shown on the clock are used, otherwise the next monthis used and the next year is used if the clock month is December. Theresult is the channel, date, time and length (CDTL) 618, which for theabove example would be channel 5, Feb. 10, 1990, 7:00 PM and 1.5 hoursin length.

Another preferred embodiment is to embed the decoding means into atelevision receiver with G-code decoder 950, as shown in FIG. 32, whichis a block diagram of a system including a television receiver having aG-code decoder. The user would use the television remote controller 956or controls on the television receiver to enter the code that signifiesthe program to be recorded. The same television remote and controls onthe television would also be used to perform normal television controlfunctions, such as channel selection. When a G-code is entered, thetelevision remote would send the G-code to the television with G-codedecoder 950 via infrared transmitter 958. An infrared receiver 960 onthe television receiver 950 would receive the transmission and send thecode to the G-code decoder 954, which would decode the code into CDTLand use this information along with a clock, which would also beembedded in the television receiver 950, to send the proper commands tothe VCR 964 and cable box 966 at the appropriate time so that theselected program will be recorded at the proper time. The transmissionfrom the television 950 would be via infrared transmitters 962, whichcan be placed at strategic points on the television cabinet, such as atthe corners. The transmission is then received by the VCR 964 viainfrared receiver 968 and the cable box 966 via infrared receiver 969.

FIG. 30 is a schematic of a television receiver having a G-code decoder.The television receiver with G-code decoder 950 would receive signalsfrom the television remote controller 956 via infrared receiver 960,which would send the signals to either command controller 974 ordirectly to G-code decoder 954. The command controller 974 may bepresent in the television receiver to control other items in thetelevision, including “on screen” functions such as displaying thechannel number when the channel is changed. The G-code decoder 954 woulddecode a sent G-code and using the date and time from clock 976 wouldsend the proper commands to the VCR 964 and cable box 966 via infraredtransmitters 962. The G-codes and other commands could also be sent tothe command controller via manual control 975. When the G-code isdecoded, then the G-code and the decoded CDTL information could bedisplayed “on screen” as shown in on screen display 978 on televisiondisplay/monitor 952. The “on screen” display is not necessary and anyformat is optional.

FIG. 31 is a schematic showing apparatus for a G-code decoder in atelevision receiver having G-code decoding. The circuitry is verysimilar to that described in FIGS. 22 and 23; however, there areinterfaces to an infrared receiver 960 and command controller 974 ratherthan LCD 384 and Key Pad 386. The key elements are microcontroller 980and oscillator 982. The interface to command controller 974 is onepreferred embodiment; another embodiment could have direct interfacesbetween the manual control 975, the infrared receiver 960, thetelevision display/monitor 952 and the G-code decoder 954 without goingthrough the intermediary command controller 974. The televisioncircuitry would include the capability of storing or learning theinfrared code protocols for the VCR and the cable box. The warning lightemitting diode 984 would be mounted on the cabinet of the television towarn that recording was about to begin in order to alert the user tohave the VCR ready with tape to record.

With the “on screen” display on television display/monitor 952, theoperation of the television receiver with G-code decoder 950 can beessentially identical to that described in FIGS. 24, 25 and 26 forprogram entry, program review and program cancellation, and execution ofrecorder preprogramming using compressed codes, respectively. Every thatwas displayed on LCD 384 would instead be displayed on the televisionmonitor 952. The only difference would be that “on screen” would onlyperform step 402 (display current date, time and time bars) when theuser put television remote controller 956 into a mode for G-code entryand transmission, program review or program cancellation. The method ofencoding program channel, date, time and length information into decimalcompressed codes of FIG. 26, the method of decoding decimal compressedcodes into program channel, date, time and length information of FIG.28, and the method of assigning channel numbers to local channel numbersas illustrated in FIG. 29 would stay the same.

Another preferred embodiment of the invention is to embed the decodingmeans into various equipments associated with television, such as avideo cassette recorder, cable box or satellite receiver. In any systemthe decoding means would only have to be present in one of theequipments, such as the cable box, which would then at the appropriatetime distribute the proper commands to the other equipments such as aVCR and a satellite receiver to record the desired program.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of a system including a television having aG-code decoder 950, a VCR 964, a cable box 966 and a satellite receiver986. This system would work identically to the first system describedwith reference to FIG. 32, except that a satellite receiver is included,which could receive commands via infrared receiver 988 from infraredtransmitters 962 mounted on television receiver with G-code decoder 950.The commands received by the satellite receiver could include on/offcommands and channel select commands. The satellite receiver 986 couldfeed a television signal to VCR 964, which would record the programand/or relay it to television display/monitor 952.

FIG. 33 is a block diagram of a system including a VCR having a G-codedecoder 991, a television 952, a cable box 966 and a satellite receiver986. The user would use the television remote controller 956 or controlson the VCR 991 to enter the code that signifies the program to berecorded. When a G-code is entered, the television remote would send theG-code to VCR 991 with G-code decoder 992 via infrared transmitter 958.An infrared receiver 990 on the VCR 991 would receive the transmissionand send the code to the G-code decoder 992, which would decode the codeinto CDTL and use this information along with a clock, which would alsobe embedded in the VCR 991, to send the proper commands to the cable box966 and the satellite receiver 986 at the appropriate time so that theselected program will be recorded at the proper time. The transmissionfrom the VCR 991 would be via infrared transmitters 994, which can beplaced at strategic points on the VCR. The transmission is then receivedby the cable box 966 via infrared receiver 969 and the satellitereceiver 986 via infrared receiver 988.

Another preferred embodiment of the transmission method and apparatusbetween equipments is shown in FIG. 36, which is a perspective viewshowing a cable box 372 placed on top of a VCR 370 having an infraredtransmitter 1008 behind the front panel 1009 which communicates to thecable box infrared receiver 1010 via reflection from surroundingreflecting surfaces such as walls.

Another preferred embodiment of the transmission method and apparatusbetween equipments is shown in FIG. 37, which is a perspective viewshowing a cable box 372 placed on top of a VCR 370 having an infraredtransmitter 1014 inside a infrared dome 1012 on the top of the VCR whichcommunicates to the cable box infrared receiver 1010 via directcommunication or reflection depending on placement of the infraredreceiver 1010 relative to infrared dome 1012.

Another preferred embodiment of the transmission method and apparatusbetween equipments is shown in FIG. 38, which is a perspective view of aVCR 370 having an infrared transmitter 1022 inside a mouse 1020 coupledvia a cable 1018, which is plugged via plug 1017 into receptacle 1016 onthe VCR. The mouse 1020 is placed near the cable box infrared receiver1010. This embodiment is most useful when the cable box is separatedfrom the VCR by walls of a cabinet, for example, that would preventeither direct or reflective infrared transmission.

Another preferred embodiment of the transmission method and apparatusbetween equipments is shown in FIG. 39, which is a perspective view of aVCR 370 having an infrared transmitter 1026 inside a stick on miniaturemouse 1024 coupled via a cable 1018, which is plugged via plug 1017 intoreceptacle 1016 on the VCR. The stick on miniature mouse 1024 is stuckonto the cable box very near the infrared receiver 1010. This embodimentis also most useful when the cable box is separated from the VCR bywalls of a cabinet, for example, that would prevent either direct orreflective infrared transmission.

The transmission methods and apparatus of FIGS. 36, 37, 38 and 39 couldalso be used with the system of FIG. 32 to transmit information fromtelevision receiver with G-code decoder 950 to VCR 964, cable box 966and satellite receiver 986.

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of a system including a cable box having aG-code decoder 997, a television 952, a VCR 964, and a satellitereceiver 986. The user would use the television remote controller 956 orcontrols on the cable box 997 to enter the code that signifies theprogram to be recorded. When a G-code is entered, the television remotewould send the G-code to cable box 997 with G-code decoder 998 viainfrared transmitter 958. An infrared receiver 996 on the cable box 997would receive the transmission and send the code to the G-code decoder998, which would decode the code into CDTL and use this informationalong with a clock, which would also be embedded in the cable box 997,to send the proper commands to the VCR 964 and the satellite receiver986 at the appropriate time so that the selected program will berecorded at the proper time. The transmission from the cable box 997would be via infrared transmitters 1000, which can be placed atstrategic points on the cable box. The transmission is then received bythe VCR 964 via infrared receiver 968 and the satellite receiver 986 viainfrared receiver 988. The transmission methods and apparatus of FIGS.36, 37, 38 and 39 could also be used with the system of FIG. 34 totransmit information from cable box 997 to VCR 964 and satellitereceiver 986.

FIG. 35 is a block diagram of a system including a satellite receiver1005 having a G-code decoder, a television 952, a VCR 964, and a cablebox 966. The user would use the television remote controller 956 orcontrols on the satellite receiver 1005 to enter the code that signifiesthe program to be recorded. When a G-code is entered, the televisionremote would send the G-code to satellite receiver 1005 with G-codedecoder 1004 via infrared transmitter 958. An infrared receiver 1002 onthe satellite receiver 1005 would receive the transmission and send thecode to the G-code decoder 1004, which would decode the code into CDTLand use this information along with a clock, which would also beembedded in the satellite receiver 1005, to send the proper commands tothe VCR 964 and the cable box 966 at the appropriate time so that theselected program will be recorded at the proper time. The transmissionfrom the satellite receiver 1005 would be via infrared transmitters1006, which can be placed at strategic points on the satellite receiver.The transmission is then received by the VCR 964 via infrared receiver968 and the cable box 966 via infrared receiver 969. The transmissionmethods and apparatus of FIGS. 36, 37, 38 and 39 could also be used withthe system of FIG. 35 to transmit information from satellite receiver1005 to VCR 964 and cable box 966.

Another preferred embodiment of an apparatus for using compressed codesfor a recorder programming is the custom programmer 1100 of FIGS. 40 and41. The custom programmer 1100 is similar to instant programmer 300 andhas number keys 1102, which are numbered 0-9, a CANCEL key 1104, aREVIEW key 1106, a WEEKLY key 1108, a ONCE key 1110 and a DAILY (M-F)key 1112, which correspond directly to keys 302-312 of instantprogrammer 300, and which are used to program the custom programmer1100. Like the instant programmer 300, a lid normally covers other keys,which are used to set up the instant custom programmer 1100. When lid1114 is lifted, the following keys are revealed, but not shown in thedrawings: SAVE key, ENTER key, CLOCK key, CH key, ADD TIME key, VCR key,CABLE key, and TEST key. These keys of the custom programmer 1100correspond to and operate substantially the same as keys 316-330 ofinstant programmer 300, respectively. Also included in the customprogrammer 1100 shown in FIG. 40 are: liquid crystal display 1134, redwarning light emitting diode 1132 and IR diodes 1134, which correspondto liquid crystal display 350, red warning light emitting diode 332 andIR diodes 342-348 as shown in FIG. 15.

As discussed above, when using the instant programmer 300, the consumerinitially performs a set-up sequence, consisting of selecting a protocolfor the model/brand of VCR, setting the current real time, selecting aprotocol for the model/brand of cable box, and entering a series ofchannel number assignments. Although the instant programmer 300 makesrecording of television programs extremely simple, the initial set-upsequence for the instant programmer 300 is more complex and deters theuse of the instant programmer by some consumers. Custom programmer 1100includes a microphone opening 1140 through which at least one microphoneinside the custom programmer 1100 can receive electronically coded audiosignals that contain the information necessary for the customprogrammer's initial set-up and commands to store this information intothe custom programmer 1100.

In order to receive these audio signals, a user may call a special phonenumber which could be a toll-free 800 number, a pay-per-minute 900number, or a standard telephone number with standard toll chargesapplying. The consumer can speak to an operator who orally inquires fromthe consumer the information regarding the consumer's VCR model andbrand, zip code, model and brand of cable box and the newspaper or otherpublication which the consumer will use to obtain the compressed codes.This is all the information needed to perform the initial set-up for thecustom programmer 1100. From the zip code information, the operator candetermine to which cable system the consumer is connected and cancombine this data with the knowledge of which publication the consumerwill use to select the correct local channel mapping table for theconsumer.

The operator then directs the consumer to press a designated programmingkey which is, in the case of the preferred embodiment, the CH keylocated under lid 1114. When the CH key is pressed, the display 1134with display the message “PHONE1 KEY2”. Pressing the “2” numeric keyplaces the custom programmer into the manual local channel tableprogramming mode that is implemented by instant programmer 300 when CHkey 322 is pressed. Pressing the “1” numeric key initiates the remoteprogramming mode. The custom programmer 1100 is then ready to receive anaudio signal and display 1134 displays the message “WAIT”.

The operator will then direct the consumer to place the earpiece 1142 ofthe telephone receiver 1144 over the microphone opening 1140 of thecustom programmer 1100 as generally shown in FIG. 42. The earpiece neednot be placed directly against the custom programmer 1100, but may beheld more than an inch away from the microphone opening with generallysatisfactory results. After a pause sufficient to allow the consumer toplace the telephone receiver in the proper position, the operator willinitiate the downloading of the initial set-up data and initial set-upprogramming commands transmitted over the telephone line 1146 usingaudio signals to the consumer's custom programmer 1100.

If the initial set-up data is successfully transferred to the customprogrammer 1100, the display 1134 of the custom programmer 1100 willdisplay the message “DONE”. If the reception of the initial set-up datais not successful within a predetermined time limit, red warning lightemitting diode 1132 will blink to inform the consumer to adjust theposition of the telephone earpiece before another down load of theinformation is attempted. After a waiting period allowing thisadjustment, the initial set-up data and commands are re-transmitted overthe telephone line. If after a predetermined number of attempts todownload the initial set-up information are unsuccessful, the liquidcrystal display 1134 displays the message “FAIL” and the operator isagain connected to the consumer allowing the operator to speak to theconsumer to provide additional assistance in the positioning of thetelephone earpiece.

Alternatively, a live operator could be provided by the local cablecompany and the initial set-up information downloaded to the customprogrammer 1100 by telephone line, through the existing cable of thecable system, or any other transmission means. If local cable companiessupply the live operators, the only information they would need togather from the consumer would be the VCR brand and model and thepublication containing compressed codes that the consumer plans onusing, because the local cable company would know the model and brand ofcable box installed at the consumer's location and the necessary dataregarding the local channel designations for that cable system.

FIGS. 43 and 44 are schematics of the circuitry needed to implementalternative embodiments of the custom programmer 1100. The circuitconsists of microcomputer 1150, oscillator 1152, liquid crystal display1154, keypad 1156, five way IR transmitters 1158 and red warning lightemitting diode 1160. These components directly correspond tomicrocomputer 380, oscillator 382, liquid crystal display 384, keypad386, five way IR transmitters 388 and red warning light emitting diode332, respectively of instant programmer 300 and perform in the samemanner. In both FIGS. 43 and 44, earpiece 1142 generates serial audiosignals which are received by microphone 1162.

As shown in FIG. 43 the audio signals received by microphone 1162 arepassed through amplifier 1164 and forwarded through a DTMF decodercircuit and into a serial port of microcomputer 1150. In the alternativecircuit shown in FIG. 44, the audio signals received by microphone 1162are passed through amplifier 1166, through a high pass filter 1166 witha cutoff at approximately 1-5 kHz, and through a second amplifier 1170to a serial port of microcomputer 1150.

Alternatively, a dual microphone system (not shown) may be employed toincrease reliability, especially when the custom programmer 1100 is tobe programmed in an environment with a high level of background noisethat could interfere with the transmission of data through the singlemicrophone acoustic means. In this system, one microphone would beplaced near the telephone earpiece and the second microphone would beplace some distance away from the earpiece in order to pick upbackground noise. A audio signal cancellation circuit is then used toeffectively “subtract” the background noise picked up by the secondmicrophone from the audio data signals combined with the backgroundnoise that is picked up from the first microphone resulting in solelyclean audio data signals.

Another preferred embodiment includes a separate initial set-upprogrammer 1200 as shown in FIG. 45. The initial set-up programmer 1200serves the same basic function as the telephonic audio signalprogramming capability of custom programmer 1100, namely allowing thetotal set up of the instant programmer 300 or custom programmer 1100with a minimum of effort on the part of the consumer. Normally, initialset-up programmers 1200 would be maintained by sellers of either theinstant programmer 300 or the custom programmer 1100. The initial set-upprogrammer could be programmed with the local channel tables for thecable systems and the television calendars that publish G-codes in thevicinity of the seller. When a customer purchases an instant programmer300 or custom programmer 1100, the seller can inquire where the customerlives and which television calendar the customer uses and use theinitial set-up programmer 1200 to download the appropriate local channeltable for that customer. Further, the initial set-up programmer 1200 canalso set the clock, VCR brand and model, and cable box brand and modelfor the customer's instant programmer 300 or custom programmer 1100.

The initial set-up programmer 1200 includes a keyboard 1202, a display1204, an enclosure 1206, and a lid 1208, with hinges 1209 at the topthat allow the lid to open to reveal a depression 1210 for holdinginstant programmers 300 and custom programmers 1100 and two electricalcontact pins 1212 as shown in FIG. 46. The initial set-up programmer1200 includes a modular phone jack 1230 and a serial port 1232 as shownin FIG. 47 for transferring data to and from computers, either directlyor over telephone lines.

FIG. 48 shows two access holes 1213 in the bottom of the instantprogrammer 300 that allow access to two contact points on the to thecircuit board (not shown) inside the instant programmer 300. FIG. 49shows the initial set-up programmer 1200 with an instant programmer 300fit into the depression 1210 with the two contact pins 1212 extendingupwards through the access holes 1213 in the bottom of the instantprogrammer 300. FIG. 50 shows the initial set-up programmer 1200 with acustom programmer 1100 fit into the depression 1210 with the two contactpins 1212 extending upwards through the access holes 1136 in the bottomof the instant programmer 300.

FIG. 51 is a schematic that shows circuitry included in the initialset-up programmer 1200. The initial set-up programmer includes amicrocontroller (NEC μPD7530x) 1214, a liquid crystal display 1216, akeypad 1218, static random access memory (static RAM) 1220, computerport 1222 and programming pins 1224. Local channel tables can betransferred from a computer to the initial set-up programmer 1200 andstored in static RAM 1220.

FIG. 52 is a schematic showing the data transfer connection between apersonal computer 1226 and initial set-up programmer 1200. Local channeltable data is output from personal computer 1226 through a serial RS-232port with +12 and −12 volt signals. The +12 and −12 volt signals aretransformed to TTL compatible 0 and 5 volt signals by level shifter 1228which are input into microcontroller 1214. Level shifter 1228 can beeither external or internal to initial set-up programmer 1200.

Alternatively, local channel table data can be transferred to theinitial set-up programmer 1200 by audio signals carried over telephonelines. Further, local channel tables may be entered into the initialset-up programmer through keyboard 1202 in the same manner used toprogram this information into either instant programmers 300 or customprogrammers 1100.

Included in keyboard 1202 are “SEND CLK”, “SEND CH”, “SEND CAB” and“SEND VCR”, which set the clock, download the local channel table,select the protocol for the cable box brand and model and select theprotocol for the VCR brand and model, respectively when they arepressed. If the information is successfully transferred to the instantprogrammer 300 or custom programmer 1100 connected to the initial set-upprogrammer 1200, display 1204 displays the message “Tr OK”, otherwisethe message “Tr Err” is displayed on display 1204.

Data is transferred to instant programmer 300 and custom programmer 1100through the two contact pins 1212. The first of these pins is the groundpin. The second pin connects with test point 392 a shown in FIG. 22.Test point 392 is connected to both an interrupt pin and oneinput/output (I/O) pin of microcomputer 380. The two pins are tiedtogether with an open collector method so that both input and output canbe accomplished with one pin. The two contact pins 1212 connect to thesame functional pins of the microcomputer 1150 of the custom programmer1100. Data is transferred serially through these pins at a 4800 baudrate using TTL voltage levels. The instant programmer 300 and customprogrammer 1100 return a low pulse of a predetermined length to theinitial set-up programmer 1200 when they have received all oftransferred data.

The invention as shown in the preferred embodiments of the customprogrammer 1100 and the initial set-up programmer 1200 can be readilyincluded within televisions, video cassette recorders, cable boxes, orsatellite receivers. It would not be complicated to embed either thecustom programmer 1100 or the initial set-up programmer 1200 intelevisions, video cassette recorders, cable boxes, and satellitereceivers by adding suitable cabling or other transmission means betweenvarious video devices being used.

Another embodiment of the invention is the custom controller 1300 shownin FIGS. 53-58. The custom controller contains the same circuitry andperforms the same functions as the custom programmer 1100, but alsoperform the functions of a complete universal remote control that can beset up automatically. The custom controller includes on its main controlsurface 1302 and its auxiliary control surface 1304, buttons thatperform the same functions as buttons 1102-1112, 1156 of the customprogrammer, a display 1306 that performs the same functions as display1134, 1154 and IR transmitters 1314 which perform the same functions asIR transmitters 1131, 1158. The custom controller can also be equippedwith a lid (not shown) that covers hidden keys (not shown) used to setup the custom controller like lid 1114 on the custom programmer 1100 andlid 316 and keys 316-330 on the instant programmer 300. The keys underthe lid could include SAVE, ENTER, CLOCK, CH, ADD TIME, VCR, CABLE andTEST keys like the instant programmer and the custom programmer.

The custom controller includes a microphone 1308, which performs thesame functions as microphone 1140 of the custom programmer and isaccessible through the microphone access hole 1309. Through themicrophone, the custom controller is programmed with all of the set-upinformation needed to function as an instant or custom programmer (i.e.,channel map, current time of day, model/brand of cable box and VCR).Alternatively, the custom controller can be programmed by the initialset-up programmer 1200 shown in FIGS. 45-47 and 49-51 in the identicalmanner described above in connection with these figures for the instantand custom programmers. Accordingly, the custom controller includesaccess holes 1310 through which contact can be made with the contactpins 1212 of the set-up programmer 1200.

Custom controller 1300 also includes additional buttons on its controlsurfaces 1302 and 1304 that can used to operate any home electronicdevice that can be controlled by an infrared remote control. Thesestandard infrared remote controls work by transmitting different IRcodes for each different function to be performed by the device beingcontrolled. Each button of the custom controller triggers thetransmission of an IR code that would ordinarily be transmitted byanother remote control. The actual make up of these IR codes used tocontrol the various home electronic equipment are described in moredetail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,887 to Welles, II which is herebyincorporated by reference.

Most of the time, the custom controller will be used to controltelevisions, VCRs, cable boxes, satellite receivers and hi-fi audioequipment. It is noted that both the instant programmer 300 and thecustom programmer 1100 already functioned as universal remotecontrollers with respect to video recorders, cable boxes, televisionsand satellite receivers as they can control diverse brands and models ofthese devices. However, the instant and custom programmers only usetheir universal remote features to change or select channels on cableboxes, video recorders, televisions and satellite receivers, begin andend recording by video recorders and turning the power on any of thesedevices on and off. Nonetheless, the schematic of the custom controllerwill be the same as the schematics of the custom programmer shown inFIGS. 43 and 44 except that the custom controller includes a keypad (see1156) with more buttons and the size requirements for the ROM and RAM inthe microcomputer (see 1150) are greater than in the custom programmer.FIGS. 58 and 59 show block diagram schematics for two alternateembodiments of the custom controller. It is noted these two schematicscontain the same basic components, but the utilization and minimum sizeof the RAMs 1324 and 1330 and ROMs 1326, 1332 are different.

The custom controller's complete universal remote feature operates asfollows. Each button on the keyboard 1320, which is mounted on controlsurfaces 1302, 1304 of the custom controller, is hard wired with abutton code or a memory address, which is generated each time the buttonis pressed. The microcomputer 1322 receives the code or addressgenerated by the pressed button and, if the button generates a code,consults a look-up table to retrieve an address for the button code.This look up table, as well as the instructions that control theoperation of the microprocessor are stored in ROM 1326 and 1332.

In the embodiment of FIG. 58, the microprocessor retrieves an IR codefrom RAM 1324 at the address derived from the pressed button. In thisembodiment, the minimum size for the ROM is very small as the ROM onlyneeds to store the button code look up table and microprocessorinstructions. However, the size of the RAM needs to be large enough tostore an IR code for each button on the keyboard.

In the embodiment of FIG. 59, the microprocessor consults a look-uptable in RAM 1330 which contains address to ROM 1332, which contains theactual IR codes. The ROM address is retrieved from RAM at the addressderived from the pressed button on keyboard 1320. The IR code is thenretrieved from ROM at the address retrieved from RAM. This embodimentallows the ROM to be preprogrammed with the IR codes for a large numberof home electronic devices. This increases the minimum size of the ROMsubstantially, but reduces the minimum size of the RAM because ROMaddresses are generally shorter than IR codes.

In both the embodiments of FIGS. 58 and 59, the IR code retrieved fromeither ROM or RAM is sent by the microprocessor to IR transmitters 1328and is transmitted.

Before the custom controller can be used as a complete universal remotecontrol, it must be programmed with the IR codes for the functions andthe brand and models of home electronic equipment it is going tocontrol. Traditionally this has been done in two different ways. First,the custom controller can “learn” the IR codes for the products that itis to control from the remote controls that come with each product. Thecustom controller would then also include an IR receiver (not shown)that would receive IR codes from other remote controls and store thesecodes and which button on the custom controller each code is associatedwith into RAM. This type of “learning” controller usually employs theschematic of FIG. 58. The second traditional programming method involvesproviding a ROM that contains the IR codes for most functions of mostbrands and models of home electronic equipment. The user then entersinto the custom controller what brand/model of each type of homeelectronic device that the user plans to use the custom controller with.In this method, for each brand and model of home electronic equipment,the custom controller will also include in ROM the associations betweenthe IR codes for the equipment and the keys on the custom controllerthat will trigger the sending of the IR codes. A controller utilizingthis second programming method usually employs the schematic of FIG. 59.

In an alternate embodiment, the custom controller can be programmed byeither of both of these methods. IR codes that are “learned” from otherremote controllers are store in RAM 1324 shown in FIG. 58.Alternatively, ROM 1332 shown in FIG. 1332 includes IR codes for mostVCRs, cable boxes, satellite receivers, televisions and stereocomponents and the ability to program which brand/model of these devicehe or she is using. In yet another embodiment, the embodiments shown inFIGS. 58 and 59 can be combined by including a flag bit in the datastored in RAM 1324 or 1330. If the flag bit is set, the rest of the dataat that address is a ROM address which points to the location of the IRcode in ROM 1332. If the flag bit is not set, the rest of the data atthat address contains actual IR code data.

In the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 53-60, though, IR codes areprogrammed into the memory of the custom controller through themicrophone 1308 that is used for the set up of the channel map, cablebox and VCR brand/model and the current time of day. Using the processshown in FIG. 60, a process similar to that described above inconnection with the custom programmer 1100, in block 1340, the usercalls either a special phone number which could be a toll-free 800number, a pay-per-minute 900 number, or a standard telephone number withstandard toll charges applying. In block 1342, the consumer speaks onthe telephone to a customer service representative (representative)located at a remote site who orally inquires from the consumer theinformation regarding the brand and model of each home electronic devicewith which the consumer wants to use custom controller. In blocks 1346and 1348, the consumer also has the opportunity to tell therepresentative which functions each button of the control surfaces 1302and 1304 is to perform. In block 1350, the representative enters thisinformation into a computer at the remote site. If the consumer does nothave preferences regarding which button of the custom controller is usedto perform which functions, in block 1352, the representative does notenter any preferences into the computer and the computer relies ondefault associations between the buttons and functions that arepreviously stored in the computer.

Once this information has been entered into the computer, in block 1354the computer programs the custom programmer in at least two differentways, depending on whether the embodiment of FIG. 58 or 59 is used. Ifthe embodiment of FIG. 58 is used, the computer downloads, throughmicrophone assembly 1334 in either manner described above in connectionwith the custom programmer and shown in FIGS. 43 and 44, all of thenecessary IR codes into RAM 1324 at the addresses associated with thebuttons on the keyboard 1320 according to the consumer's expressedwishes. If this method is used, no IR codes need be stored in the ROM ofthe custom controller when it is manufactured.

If the embodiment of FIG. 59 is used, the ROM 1332 installed into thecustom controller at manufacture is programmed with the IR codes of manydifferent brands, models and types of home electronic devices. In thiscase, the computer downloads, through microphone assembly 1334, theaddresses of the ROM for all of the necessary IR codes into RAM 1330instead of downloading the IR codes themselves.

In an alternative embodiment the ROM 1332 contains default associationsbetween IR codes and buttons of the custom controller, so that theseassociations need not be downloaded unless the consumer has requestedassociations between buttons and IR codes that are different from thedefault associations. This method reduces the amount of data that needsto be sent over the telephone lines from the remote site to the customcontroller, but can increase the size and cost of the ROM installed inthe custom controller. In the rare case where the IR codes for thedevice that the consumer wants to control are not included in the ROM,the computer would just download the IR codes themselves for that deviceas in the first programming method described above with reference toFIG. 58.

It is noted above that in either of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 58and 59, the microphone and decoding assemblies from either FIG. 43 orFIG. 44 may be used. Preferably, the microphone and decoding assembly inFIG. 44 is used as it is less expensive than the assembly in FIG. 43that uses a DTMF decoder 1166. The system shown in FIG. 44 utilizes justtwo single frequency signals rather than many dual frequency signals asin a DTMF system. The first signal, a tone of approximately 3000 Hz, isused to signify a binary “one” and the second signal, a tone ofapproximately 500 Hz, is used to signify “zero.” Since a 500 Hz signalis being used in this embodiment, the bandwidth of the 1000-5000 Hz highpass filter 1168 from FIG. 44 will have to be broadened to include 500Hz when included in the microphone and decoder assembly 1334.

A series of these two tones are transmitted over the telephone line,representing a binary series. A short period of no signal is includedbetween each tone in the series of tones so that two consecutive 500 Hzor two consecutive 3000 Hz signals are interpreted as two sequentialsignals and not one long signal. In an alternative embodiment, theseries of signal tones are sent at a predetermined clock speed.

A decoder (not shown) is included between the microphone assembly 1334and the microprocessor 1322 that converts the 3000 Hz signals to highelectrical signals and converts the 500 Hz signals to low electricalsignals that are sent to a serial input into the microprocessor. A clocksignal is simultaneously sent to the microprocessor with each high orlow signal.

Alternatively, the initial set-up programmer 1200 could be used toperform the IR code programming of the custom controller 1300 instead ofusing the microphone/telephone interface.

The custom controller has several additional features. First, the rearsurface 1312 of the custom controller is large enough so that customcontroller can be set on the rear surface as shown in FIG. 61 and resisttipping over. The advantage of being able to stand the custom controllerin this upright position is that IR transmitters 1314 are then at asubstantial height above the surface on which the custom controller isset. This lessens the probability that pillows, newspapers, magazines orother debris will be inadvertently placed on top of the customcontroller as it will be difficult for debris to balance on the top ofthe custom controller when while in the upright position. Further,stacks of pillows, magazines and other debris placed next to the customcontroller must be rather high before they will block the IRtransmissions of the custom controller. This feature is extremelyimportant because, unlike the instant programmer which can have apermanent holder next to the cable box and VCR, away from magazines andpillows, the custom controller, having full universal remotecapabilities, is designed to be used some distance away from the videoequipment. Yet, to function properly as an automatic video recordercontroller, the IR transmitters of the custom controller need to have adirect line of sight to the IR receivers of the video equipment to becontrolled.

The degree of enlargement of the rear surface 1312 needs to be enough sothat the custom controller is stable and resistant to being tipped overwhen it is put in the upright position shown in FIG. 58. Determining anacceptable size of rear portion is based on several factors. First, itusually desirable for the length and the width of the rear surface to beapproximately equal. If the length is significantly greater than thewidth (as is the case with traditional prior art universal remotecontrols), the controller can be easily tipped over along the axes thatspan the width of the rear surface. Next, the proportion of the heightof the controller to the length and width of the rear surface cannot betoo great. A ratio of the length of the rear face to the height of thecontroller and of the width of the rear face to the height of thecontroller of approximately 3 to 1 or less is usually sufficient.However, this ratio depends on the uniformity of the density of thecustom controller and thus the center of gravity. If the upper portionsof the custom controller (when it is in the upright position) are moredense than the lower portions, the center of gravity will be high andthe ratio of the width and length of the rear surface will need to bereduced. On the other hand, if the lower portions are more dense, thecenter of gravity will be lower and the ratio can be safely increased.One way the center of gravity is lowered in the custom controller is byplacing the batteries 1316, which are comparatively very dense, verynear the rear surface.

Another factor in the stability of the custom controller in the laterallocation of the custom controller's center of gravity. The closer thecenter of gravity is to being directly above the center of the rearsurface when the custom controller is in the upright position, the morestable the custom controller will be. It is noted that the upper portionof embodiment of the custom controller shown in FIGS. 53-58 is offcenter. This moves the center of gravity away from the center of rearsurface slightly, but adds to the aesthetic appearance of the customcontroller.

The shape of the rear surface is not particularly relevant, but ratherthe shortest distance across the rear surface. On the other hand, theshape of the back surface of the custom controller is significant.Preferably, the back surface is semicircular or substantiallysemicircular. The closer the back surface is to a semicylindrical shape,the more comfortable the custom controller is for a consumer to hold, asthe cylindrical shape fits better into human hands.

Another feature of the custom controller is its two control surfaces1302 and 1304. Auxiliary control surface 1304 is designed to includebuttons that will be used most often when the custom controller is inits upright position, such as volume up and down controls. The anglebetween the rear surface and the auxiliary control surface is less thanor equal to 45°. Keeping the angle less than or equal to 45° directs atleast half of the force needed to press button on the auxiliary controlsurface downwards into the table or other surface the custom controlleris resting on instead of sideways, which would tend to topple the customcontroller when it is in the upright position.

Two alternative embodiments of the custom controller 1300 are shown inFIGS. 65-70 and FIGS. 71-76. These controllers include control facesthat are at angles from the rear face of less than or equal to 45°,substantially circular bottom faces and rear faces that are largerrelative to prior art remote controls.

Yet another feature of the custom controller are one touch channeltuning buttons. These buttons would be assigned to a specific televisionor cable channel such as HBO, ESPN, CNN or MTV. For example, if a buttonis assigned to CNN, when the CNN button is pressed, the customcontroller transmits IR codes to change the channel on a television,VCR, cable box or satellite receiver to the channel number on which CNNis broadcast. When the consumer sets up the custom controller, he or shetells the representative what channels he or she watches the most andthe representative directs the computer to have selected keys on thecustom controller be programmed to tune these channels. The consumertells the representative which keys on the custom controller he or shewishes to tune which channels or the representative can select the keys.After the keys and channels have been selected, the consumer then writesthe channel names next to the keys that tune them or labels withdifferent channel names can be supplied which are then applied to thecustom controller next to the appropriate buttons. These one touchtuning buttons are particularly well suited to being programmed asbuttons on the auxiliary control surface, so that the consumer canoperate these buttons without having to pick up the custom controller.

It is thought that the universal remote that includes apparatus andmethod using compressed codes for television program record schedulingof the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will beunderstood from the foregoing description and it will be apparent thatvarious changes may be made in the form, construction and arrangement ofthe parts thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention or sacrificing all of its material advantages, the formhereinbefore described being merely a preferred or exemplary embodimentthereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A remote control for transmitting control codesfor control of home electronic devices and for using compressed codesinto said remote control for automatically recording video signals, by avideo recorder, under control of sets of channel, date, time-of-day andlength commands, the remote control comprising: means for enteringcompressed codes into said remote control, each representative of, andcompressed in length from, a set of individual channel, date,time-of-day and length commands; means for decoding said compressedcodes into sets of individual channel, date, time-of-day and lengthcommands; a keypad comprising a plurality of buttons; means for storingcontrol codes for control of home electronic devices and for storingassociations between said buttons and said control codes means forretrieving from said storing means, when one of said buttons isactivated, any such control codes associated with such activated button;a transmitter for transmitting retrieved control codes and fortransmitting record on, record off and channel select control codesaccording to said individual channel, date, time-of-day and lengthcommands; and means for receiving said control codes and saidassociations between said control codes and said buttons for storage insaid means for storing.
 2. The remote control of claim 1 wherein saidmeans for receiving is coupled to a computer external to the remotecontrol.
 3. The remote control of claim 1 wherein said means forreceiving is coupled to a computer through a telephone line.
 4. Theremote control of claim 1: wherein said means for storing furthercomprise means for storing at least one local channel number for atleast one channel number in said channel command; and wherein said meansfor receiving further comprise means for receiving local channel numberscorresponding to channels numbers in said channel commands and thecorrelation of said local channel numbers to said channel numbers insaid channel commands for storage in said means for storing; and whereinsaid transmitter transmits said channel commands according to localchannel numbers stored in said storing means to said means for channelselection according to said individual date, time-of-day and channelcommands.
 5. The remote control of claim 4 wherein said means forreceiving is coupled to a computer.
 6. The remote control of claim 4wherein said means for receiving is coupled to a computer through atelephone line.
 7. The remote control of claim 1 further comprising: aclock; means for setting said clock according to signals representativeof time; wherein said means for receiving further comprise means forreceiving said signals representative of time distinct from saidkeyboard.
 8. The remote control of claim 7 wherein said means forreceiving is coupled to a computer.
 9. The remote control of claim 7wherein said means for receiving is coupled to a computer through atelephone line.